How to give bananas scientific and reasonable fertilizer application

1. Factors affecting banana fertilization

The amount of banana fertilization is a complex subject, influenced by the factors of the banana itself, as well as the following soil, fertilizer, climate, cultivation and economic benefits.

(1) Fertilizer characteristics of bananas: To produce a certain amount of fruit, a certain amount of nutrients are needed for the growth of plants and fruits. Usually, each ton of banana fruit plant needs to absorb 5-6 kg of nitrogen, 1 kg of phosphorus, and 18-23 kg of potassium. In addition to being partially supplied by the soil, these nutrients depend on fertilization. How much fertilization is related to target yield, growth period, and creation. The target yield of 45 tons / hectare is more than 30 tons / hectare of fertilization, the fertilization should be more for the purpose of shortening the growth period for cultivation purposes, the new planting banana than the Sugan banana, the positive plantain than the snow banana fertilizer application more.

(2) Soil fertility: including soil productivity (grain), soil fertility, fertilizer retention, etc. Good soil fertility is the basis for obtaining high yield and quality of bananas. Some soils can produce 60 tons/ha through fertilization, while others can only produce 30 tons/ha. Soil with more sand, poor fertilizer retention, easy leaching loss of nutrients, more fertilization; acid soil should also be more phosphorus than neutral soil, because phosphorus is easy to be fixed under acidic conditions.

(3) The price of fertilizer and banana: Generally, the price of fertilizer is low and the price of banana is high. The banana farmer will be willing to apply some fertilizer, especially organic fertilizer. If the price per kilogram of banana is below 0.7 yuan, the banana farmers will not be profitable. In addition, the amount of funds and investment risk awareness of banana farmers also affect the amount of fertilizer applied.

(4) Fertilization method: The method of fertilization also affects the utilization rate of fertilizer. The fertilizer application rate is higher than that of fertilizer application, soil application, soil application, root zone fertilization, root zone fertilization, and growth and fertilization.

(5) Field management: Cultivation measures that affect root growth and absorption functions such as soil management, water management, pest control, weeding, etc., also affect fertilizer utilization.

(6) Climatic factors: moderate rain and moderate temperature are conducive to the decomposition and release of organic fertilizer, the conversion of nutrients and the movement in the soil and the growth and absorption of roots. The rain is even, the air is warm and the fertilizer can be applied less. Too much rain and serious nutrient loss; drought is also not conducive to the dissolution, diffusion and root absorption of fertilizers, and even cause fat damage; low temperature, drought in winter, and more fertilizer bananas are difficult to absorb.

2, banana fertilization amount

There are many factors affecting the amount of banana fertilization mentioned above. Therefore, the specific fertilization amount varies greatly among different varieties in different countries. The amount of fertilization in the banana plantation obtained in many fertilizer experiments and production practices in China is also very different. Hua Youqun (1990) used the Pubei dwarf banana as the experimental material on the thin slope of Zhanjiang City. It is considered that the plant application amount is 200 g of nitrogen, 100 g of phosphorus and 300 g of potassium, which is enough to obtain 45 tons/ha. Production.

The fertilizer increased, the plants became thicker, the weight of fresh stems and leaves increased, but the fruit yield did not increase much. Li Ruping (1991) used the Pudong dwarf banana in Guangxi to test the soil with high organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus, and low potassium content. It is considered that the best fertilization scheme is 690 g of nitrogen per plant and phosphorus 35.å…‹, potassium 1200 grams, plus 50 kg of soil fertilizer, can get 38 tons / hectare.

Zhou Xiuchong et al. (1990) tested on soils with higher soil fertility levels, and considered that the medium-high-yield (30-45 tons/ha) banana fertilization amount (kg/ha) was nitrogen 600-900, potassium 900-1200, and matched phosphate fertilizer. For 210-240.

Gaozhou Agricultural Bureau (1987) surveyed Gaozhou Caojiang high-yield banana fertilization with a density of 1800 plants/ha. The fertilization amount per plant was 900 g nitrogen, 720 g phosphorus, 960 g potassium, and the yield was 32.5 kg. The yield per hectare reached 58.5 tons. Among them, the nitrogen of organic fertilizer accounts for 74.7% of the total nitrogen. In the banana variety test of the Guangdong Provincial Fruit Research Institute in Gaozhou City, the average fertilization amount (kg/ha) was nitrogen 1 in the experiment.

275, phosphorus 397, potassium 1208, nitrogen in organic fertilizer accounts for 26% of total nitrogen, and the average yield of most varieties is 52.1-61.7 tons/ha.

The field experiment of banana fertilization amount is mainly concentrated on nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. The research institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences has many researches on nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. It is tested at Gaozhou, Zhongshan, Sihui and Huiyang test sites, and the soil available potassium content is 40-60ppm. Under the conditions of an average of 840 kg of nitrogen per hectare and 210 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 60,900 and 1200 kg/ha of potassium fertilizer were applied. The results of the first 6 test points were average, and the yield of non-potassium fertilizer was 14.67 tons/ha. The yield of potassium fertilizer application was 23.04, 24.07, 25.49 (ton/ha), which was more effective than the increase of potassium fertilizer.

Potassium fertilizer should be combined with nitrogen fertilizer, and high potassium fertilizer can increase yield potential under high nitrogen application rate. The amount of potassium applied per 1200 kg per hectare is not the highest dose. If potassium is added again, the yield may still increase.

Similarly, the application of nitrogen fertilizer must also be combined with the application of potassium fertilizer. When the application of potassium at 600 kg/ha, the application of nitrogen at 1200 kg/ha is less than the application of nitrogen at 900 kg/ha, while at the application of potassium at 900 kg/ha and 1200 kg/ha. At the time, the nitrogen application rate of 1200 kg/ha and nitrogen application of 900 kg/ha increased by 1.65 tons/ha and 2.7 tons/ha. In addition, it can be seen that the benefit of increasing potassium fertilizer is greater than that of increasing nitrogen fertilizer.

The characteristics of the soil affect the fertilizer efficiency. In the Gaozhou point where the cation exchange capacity (CEC) is 5.64 meq/100 g, the application of potassium 1200 kg per hectare is reduced by 900 kg of potassium, while the CEC is 20.5 meq/100 g. The result of Zhongshan Point is the opposite; at the CEC high Zhongshan Point, 900 kg of nitrogen per hectare is increased by 600 kg of nitrogen, while at CEC's low four points and Huiyang point, no increase or even production is reduced.

This means that not all soils can be increased by adding chemical fertilizers. The application of chemical fertilizers must be combined with the application of organic fertilizers to increase the cation exchange capacity of the soil to increase the yield. Otherwise, it is prone to fat injury or a large amount of elements and medium quantities. , the imbalance between trace elements and reduced production.

Many banana farmers care about the ratio of the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fertilization. In fact, this is a very complicated problem, because banana cultivation is soil culture rather than hydroponic cultivation, and fertilization is greatly affected by soil factors. The soil itself also has different nutrient contents.

Different soil types, different seasons, different varieties, and different numbers of turns should have different fertilization ratios. At present, some banana special fertilizers are produced according to a certain proportion, which has an effect of increasing yield compared with common compound fertilizers. However, it is better to guide fertilization according to the results of soil testing and leaf analysis.

Application of medium-quantity elements calcium, magnesium and sulfur fertilizers: Generally, the application should be emphasized when the soil content is not rich. Acidic red loam, red soil, brick red loam soil can be cooked with 1500-2000 kg/ha of lime, and coastal saline-alkaline banana garden can be applied with gypsum 1000-1500 kg/ha. Magnesium sulfate or potassium sulfate can be applied to the banana plant with serious magnesium deficiency. Magnesium 375-750 kg / ha.

In the banana garden where the essential elements of the soil are not very rich, it is not possible to apply the high-efficiency compound fertilizer for a long time. According to the soil nutrient status, the compound fertilizer should be used with the compound fertilizer to save the cost and ensure the balance of nutrients. Trace elements are usually applied in the presence of deficiency syndrome. Mountain banana plants often need to be supplemented with zinc and boron, and most of them are sprayed by foliar fertilizer.

In order to achieve high yield or super high yield of bananas, it is usually impossible to increase the application of chemical fertilizers alone, and sometimes it will reduce production. It is necessary to increase the application of organic fertilizers and increase soil fertility to improve production and quality.

In the more fertile soil of the Pearl River Delta, high-yield banana gardens often use more than 1 kg of peanut bran (cake) per plant, some apply 2 kg, the yield can reach 60 tons/ha, and some can reach 75 tons/ha, and the banana fingers are long. The color is beautiful, and the special grade banana is sold as a near-selling (Shenzhen, Guangzhou) banana. The price is more than 50% higher than the average banana, and the economic benefit is very significant.

The amount of fertilizer applied to banana and plantain is more affected by soil fertility. In the fertile soil, the amount of fertilizer applied to the banana is not large, mainly the roots of the banana and plantain are more developed, and the ability to absorb nutrients is very strong. It can be predatory cultivation (reducing the ground force), but in the thin dry land, it is necessary to obtain High yield, it is necessary to apply more fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer applied is close to that of bananas, sometimes even more than bananas.

3. Chemical diagnosis and quantitative fertilization of banana nutrient deficiency

Bananas are rich in nutrients, and a few elements such as nitrogen are easier to see, while most nutrients are not symptomatic in the absence or excess of a certain amount, but they have an adverse effect on yield and quality, and are quite serious when symptoms appear. At this time, fertilization may be too late or difficult to absorb, and a variety of deficiency syndromes are difficult to discriminate, so it is not enough to rely solely on sensory judgment to determine fertilization. There are currently two commonly used chemical diagnostic assays for banana nutrition diagnosis, which can be used as a basis for the need for fertilization.

(1) Leaf analysis The method is to use the leaves to diagnose the nutritional status of banana plants. Generally, the leaves of the third leaf in the middle of the vegetative growth period are 10-20 cm wide near the stem vein, and 25-30 strains are sampled in each banana plant for analysis. The results of leaf analysis are inconsistent in the standard values ​​of countries. For example, the leaves of Indian plants aged 6 months are suitable for nitrogen 2.8%, phosphorus 0.35% and potassium 3.1%.

The recommended standard values ​​for Australia are 2.8%-4% for nitrogen, 0.2%-0.25% for phosphorus, and 3.1%-4% for potassium. The suitable leaf standards for the northern banana bud stage in Taiwan Province of China are 3.3% nitrogen, 0.21% phosphorus and 3.6% potassium. The leaves of banana plants in Costa Rica and Honduras are below 3%, with 567 grams of potassium chloride per plant, 3%-3.25% of potassium, 283.5 grams of potassium chloride per plant, and no potash of more than 3.25%. .

According to the analysis of the potassium fertilizer of the banana in the Pearl River Delta, the Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences believes that the suitable value of potassium in leaves is 4.2%-4.8%, the ratio of potassium to nitrogen is 1.4-1.7, the deficiency of potassium is below 4%, and the ratio of potassium to nitrogen is higher. It is 1.1 or less. These values ​​are higher than those of foreign countries. It may be necessary for bananas to have more potassium in subtropical climates. Local governments should determine the appropriate standard values ​​to guide fertilization according to local climate, soil, variety, and growth period.

(2) Soil analysis method The analysis of effective nutrient content in soil is an effective method to understand soil fertility, which is of great significance to newly planted banana plantation. General soil analysis projects include soil texture, pH, cation substitution and organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available phosphorus, available potassium, etc., and also understand the depth and water level of the soil layer.

The main factors affecting the amount of fertilizer applied in these projects are phosphorus and potassium. These two elements, if rich in content, may not be fertilized or fertilized. The available phosphorus in the soil is above 20ppm, and the available potassium is 300-350ppm. Phosphorus or potassium is not applied or a small amount is applied during the bud stage. However, no matter how high the nitrogen content is, nitrogen fertilizer is generally applied. According to the soil analysis, the commercial banana plant in Central and South America does not apply phosphate fertilizer. The potassium content is divided into 5 grades, and the potash plant containing potassium below 150 ppm must be applied with potassium fertilizer.

Some studies believe that calcium oxide in the soil: magnesium oxide: potassium oxide is 10:5:0.5 is a good ratio; if the ratio of magnesium oxide to potassium oxide is less than 4, it is prone to magnesium deficiency; if higher than 25, There will be potassium deficiency, which is an antagonistic phenomenon between magnesium and potassium. If you can analyze the content of magnesium, calcium, sulfur, boron, zinc and other elements in the soil, or consult the local agricultural department for soil nutrient content.

The soil analysis before planting is only the preliminary basis for judging the soil nutrient status. At present, there is no experiment on the correlation between soil nutrient content and yield. The fertilization test at home and abroad does not combine fertilizer efficiency with soil testing according to the method of soil fertilization. Appropriate fertilization amount is proposed within each nutrient abundance level.

4. Fertilization period and frequency

From the point of view of the fertilizer requirement of bananas, the absorption in the vegetative growth period is relatively small, accounting for about 20%, and the nutrients are absorbed in the bud stage, accounting for 40%-50%, and the nutrients in the fruit development period are 30%-40%. From the perspective of soil fertility characteristics, most of the nutrients in fertile soil can meet the needs of most nutrients in bananas, especially in the early and late stages of growth, but in the period of vigorous growth, relatively few elements in the soil such as potassium and nitrogen are often used. Not enough.

In the thin soil, many elements are scarce in the late stage of banana growth and require fertilization. From the perspective of storage and conversion of fertilizer in soil, phosphate fertilizer is easily absorbed by soil and has poor effectiveness, but the effect is long, up to 2-3 years. Therefore, it is suitable for base fertilizer application; potash fertilizer can last for several months. As a base fertilizer and top dressing; and nitrogen fertilizer is more difficult to store in the soil, generally about 20 days aftereffect, suitable for topdressing.

Fertilizers based on improved soils such as organic fertilizers and limes are also preferably applied before planting. The purpose of fertilization is to solve the contradiction between supply and demand of soil and banana on nutrients. According to the above factors, nitrogen fertilizer should be fertilized as needed, and the nutrient growth period, gestation period and fruit development period each account for 30%, 40% and 30% of the total nitrogen application rate. Do not re-apply nitrogen fertilizer for about 20 days in the bud period. The young fruit period can attack nitrogen, but nitrogen should be controlled before harvest.

As a reserve fertilization, phosphate fertilizer can be used as a base fertilizer, or part of it as a base fertilizer, and part of it can be used as a top dressing in combination with organic fertilizer or compound fertilizer. After the bud, it is generally not necessary to apply phosphate fertilizer. Potassium fertilizer is mainly applied as needed, and some can be used for reserve fertilization. The application of nutrient growth period, gestation period and fruit development period account for 30%, 45% and 25% of total potassium fertilizer.

For fertilizer-preserving soils, potassium fertilizer application may be slightly ahead of needs. In the general high-yield cultivation of bananas, the application of flower bud differentiation fertilizer is emphasized, in order to obtain more fruit counts; in the cultivation of high-quality and high-yield bananas, the length and size of fruit fingers are more important, that is, in the late stage of pregnancy buds. It has been determined) to fertilize at the beginning of fruit development.

The number of fertilizations is mainly related to soil fertility (soil texture), fertilization method, fertilizer aftereffect and banana growth. Good fertilizer can be applied more per fertilizer, such as clay loam with large substitution of cations. On the contrary, sandy soil with higher sand content should be less fertilized every time, and the frequency should be more. Nitrogen fertilizer should be more than potassium fertilizer, and the number of phosphate fertilizer should be less. Tube seedlings are planted more often than saplings or perennial bananas.

After the tube seedlings are planted, the nitrogen fertilizer can be applied once every 10-15 days in a seedling period of 4-15 times, a total of 4-6 times; 2 months after the colonization to 15-20 days of the bud period, 5-6 times in total; After 15 days, 1 time, a total of 4 times, a total of 12-16 times. For example, the method of leaching should be applied from the bud stage to the young fruit stage, and should be used once every 10-15 days. The application of phosphate fertilizer can be applied once, and once every 2 months and 3 months after planting, 3 times in total, the number of times of topdressing with phosphorus-containing compound fertilizer can be more.

Potassium fertilizer application, base application 1 time, once every 15-20 days after planting 2 months, after 2 months after planting to young fruit period can be once every 20 days, a total of 7-8 times. The application of leaching in the seedling stage and the middle and late stages should be more frequent. The quick-acting organic fertilizer is applied 3-4 times, and each time the cooked peanut bran (cake) is 0.15-0.25 kg, the base is applied once, and then applied once every 2 months. The delayed-acting organic fertilizer can be applied once as a base.

If the above various fertilizers are separately applied, it is very cumbersome. Some single fertilizers can be changed into compound fertilizers, the application interval of potassium fertilizers can be shortened appropriately, the application times of phosphate fertilizers can be increased, or the urea, potassium chloride and compound fertilizers can be applied at the initial stage. Medium-term urea, compound fertilizer, and potassium chloride are combined. However, from the point of view of the characteristics of the roots and the production practice, in the case of ensuring the nutrient content required for each growth period, if the labor permits, the bananas are fertilized almost as many times as possible.

5, banana fertilization method

The way of fertilizing bananas depends on the topography, soil characteristics, root growth, water management and climate. The general seedling stage should be combined with acupoint application and ditch application; the nutrient growth period is mainly based on acupoint application or ditch application. In combination with leaching application; flower bud differentiation fertilizer is mainly based on cave application, combined with leaching application; leaching application from bud stage to young fruit stage, combined with spreading and foliar application.

(1) Base: Put the fertilizer into the planting hole before planting. The base is generally organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and some potassium fertilizer. Due to the limitation of rainwater, fertilization in dryland banana plantation can also apply a considerable amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. However, it should be noted that the organic fertilizer should be fully decomposed and mixed with the soil. The fertilizer should be applied deep, at least 30 cm below the surface, so as to avoid direct contact with the fertilizer or planting water to cause root damage.

Base application can be 0.25-0.5 kg of calcium or calcium magnesium phosphate, 0.15-0.25 kg of potassium chloride, 20-25 kg of soil fertilizer or 0.25 kg of cake, and deep application in the range of 60 cm × 60 cm. The slaked lime can be applied to the soil layer. For the unfertilized organic fertilizer, it can be applied to the periphery of the seedling 40 cm.

(2) Acupoint application: dig a hole with a steamed bread at a distance of 35-100 cm from the banana head. The depth of the hole is 10-20 cm. The size depends on the type and quantity of the fertilizer. The fertilizer is placed in the hole and covered with soil. The acupoint application is generally used for topdressing of the roots of the vegetative growth period. The roots are less, the fertilizer is not easily lost, but the fertilizer effect is slightly slower. A maximum of 50-100 grams of urea and potassium chloride or 200 grams of ternary compound fertilizer can be applied per hole. The location of the hole should be constantly changing and gradually moving away from the banana head.

(3) Ditch application: Dig 1-2 arc-shaped small ditch 35-90 cm away from the banana head, 35-50 cm long and 10 cm deep. The width is the same as the width of the steamed bread. The fertilizer is evenly applied in the ditch. Cover the soil. It is generally used for root-edge fertilization in the vegetative growth period, especially in the early spring of the perennial banana, and can also be used for the application of the unfertilized organic fertilizer. Due to the large area of ​​the ditch, the amount of fertilizer applied can be more than that of the hole.

(4) Cave application: Use a banana toss hole 40-80 cm away from the banana head, about 15-20 cm deep, put fertilizer, and seal it with your feet. In order to prevent the roots, the amount of fertilizer applied near the banana head is less. 20-50 grams of fertilizer per hole can be reapplied from the far side of the banana head. Each hole can be placed with 50-100 grams of chemical fertilizer. Each plant can drill holes 8-10. Each plant can apply up to 500 grams of compound fertilizer and potassium chloride per plant. The method is especially suitable for the re-application of chemical fertilizers of banana or flower bud differentiation fertilizer without irrigation conditions. The more holes there are, the fewer the roots are.

(5) Spreading: Spread the fertilizer on the surface of the sorghum. Generally, when the roots are floating in the rainy season, the ground is still wet or under heavy rain. The surface of the soil is not squashed, and the fertilizer can be infiltrated smoothly, but special attention should be paid to the amount of fertilizer applied. The adult plants should not exceed 75 grams of urea and potassium chloride, or 200 grams of compound fertilizer. The fertilizer near the banana head should not be too much, otherwise it will easily damage the roots.

This method is suitable for top dressing of instant fertilizer. Fertilizers such as lime and grass ash are also often applied. After the application, the root has a wide absorption surface, quick fertilizer effect and labor saving, but the fertilizer utilization rate is not high, and it is easy to cause fat injury. After spraying the fertilizer on a sunny day, the water is drenched, and the soil layer under the dissolved fertilizer is also equivalent to leaching, and the effect is also good.

(6) Leaching: Dissolve the fertilizer in water, dilute it and pour it in the root zone. It is mainly used for top dressing in the seedling stage and middle and late stage. The effect is best, but there are many flowers, generally suitable for instant fertilizers such as urea, ammonium bicarbonate, etc. And the application of all liquid fertilizers. Compound fertilizer is more difficult to dissolve, and it affects the work efficiency when it is applied in a large area. The fertilizer bag can be opened for some time to pre-wet, and when it is pinched, it can be dissolved in water.

Banana paddy in paddy field is more convenient. 2 people and 1 group, each with 1 barrel, 1 person takes water and fertilizer, 1 person drenches, and the work efficiency is higher. The fertilizer application is quick and the fertilizer is saved, which is an important fertilization method for achieving high yield and high quality.

However, the fertilizer should be in direct contact with the root system, and the concentration must be well mastered. Generally, urea is 0.2%-0.5%, ammonium bicarbonate is 0.4%-0.8%, potassium chloride is 0.2%-0.4%, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.1%-0.3%. The ternary compound fertilizer is 0.2%-0.6%, and the cooked cake water is 1%-2%. The moist soil can be slightly thicker. If several fertilizers are combined, the concentration of each fertilizer should be reduced proportionally. The seedling stage fertilization solution is 2-5 liters per plant, and the adult plant bananas are applied 20-25 liters. The amount of fertilizer applied is less, and the fertilization interval is shorter, about 8-10 days.

(7) Foliar application: Dissolve the fertilizer in water and spray on the leaves, also called the top dressing. It is generally suitable for fertilization of a large number of elements in the seedling stage of trace element fertilization and fruiting. At present, there are many foliar fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, such as banana leaf green, big brother big leaf surface fertilizer, green Wang, Norwegian series foliar fertilizer. The fertilizer is fast and the fertilizer utilization rate is high, but the flower industry is large.

6, fertilization position and amount of each application

The fertilization position of banana is related to the fertilization method. Due to the growth characteristics and fertilizer characteristics of banana root, the fertilization position is different from other fruit trees. The so-called "drip line" fertilization can also be used in the early stages of banana growth, which is not suitable in the middle and late stages. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers enter the root zone soil by diffusion, and the movement speed is extremely slow. It should be applied to a large number of roots, and it is better to apply the whole soil layer in the area. The base application and the application can achieve this purpose.

The application of the hole and the ditch should be applied before the root system is about to grow, and the position should be gradually away from the bulb to avoid root damage. Farther away from the banana head (more than 1.2 meters), although the roots are distributed in the soil, they are sparse. The fertilization and fertilizer utilization rate in these places is not high, but it is safer.

Each time the amount of fertilizer is applied, it is necessary to consider the needs of banana plants and the fertility of the soil, otherwise it is prone to fat injuries. The occurrence of fat injury is related to the following factors: First, the soil cation substitution. The cationic fertilizer applied to the soil exceeds the cation exchange capacity of the soil, and the fertilizer cannot be completely adsorbed by the soil colloid and partially dissolved in the soil solution.

If the concentration in the solution is too high, it will cause damage to the roots. Therefore, the sandy soil with low cation substitution should not be too much for each application; on the contrary, the organic matter content is higher and the soil texture is more viscous. The amount of secondary fertilization can be more. Second, the soil's own nutrient content also has an effect on the amount of fertilizer applied. If the soil contains a high amount of potassium, and then a large amount of potassium fertilizer, it is prone to fat injury.

Third, the area of ​​fertilization. The fertilization area of ​​the acupoint application is small, and a large amount of fertilizer is in the fat hole, and the nutrient concentration of the fat hole is extremely high, and the root of the fat hole is poisoned or the new root cannot grow to the hole area. If the same amount of fertilizer is applied to the entire soil layer within the range of the plant, the fertilizer is greatly diluted. Fourth, the depth of the soil layer. The soil in the tillage layer is deep and can accept more soils containing fertilizer. If the fertilizer is applied to the kneading surface, it is more likely to cause a fat injury than applying the fertilizer to the entire cultivation layer.

Fifth, the nature of the fertilizer. Some fertilizers are more likely to cause root damage. For example, potassium chloride with higher salt index is more susceptible to fertilizer damage than potassium sulfate with lower salt index, urea with higher biuret concentration and higher concentration of sodium chloride. Potash fertilizer in salt lakes, application of unfertilized organic fertilizers and some micro-fertilizers such as boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, etc. are also prone to fat injuries. Sixth, the location of fertilization. Keep away from the position of the banana head, the amount of fertilizer can be heavier.

In short, banana farmers must determine the amount of fertilizer applied according to their own banana garden soil, fertilizer types and fertilization techniques. Some people have done experiments. At the beginning of flower bud differentiation, 500 g of Russian compound fertilizer and 500 g of potassium chloride were applied to each plant by the method of hole application (10 holes), and no fat injury occurred.

The fattening of bananas with excessive fertilization is different from the symptoms of long-term and fat injuries. In the seedling stage, especially the test-tube seedlings are sensitive to the fertilizer, the light leaves are not slowly sucked or slowly pumped, the leaf edge leaves are dead; the heavy dead roots, the growth point is necrotic and the heart is dry, the inside of the bulbs is black, even the leaves Withered yellow, the whole plant died.

In the middle and late stage, the fat injury is not easy to detect, the leaf luster is reduced, the growth rate is slow, the roots and leaves are short, the pseudo-stems are slender, the flower buds are small, the fruit yield is low, the quality is poor, and the roots are black and rot. The old leaves are yellow, the number of green leaves is small, and even the whole plant is dead.

The fat injury that occurs during the high temperature and dry period is more serious and difficult to rescue. After the fat injury, it should be rescued as soon as possible. It can be used in the root zone to expose the systemic fungicides such as charcoal and carbendazim, and to wash the fertilizer for several days, and the leaves are sprayed with water. Sometimes bananas absorb the poisonous symptoms of some nutrients and should reduce the soil supply of the element as soon as possible.

7. Method of reducing fertilizer cost

Banana is the highest fertilization crop, and fertilizer input accounts for a large proportion of production costs. For example, some banana plants in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province have a fertilizer input of 12-15 yuan per plant, and some even reach 20 yuan. These inputs are worthwhile for years without wind and cold damage and areas with good banana prices. It is often possible to obtain a yield of 40 kg/plant and an output value of 60-80 yuan/plant.

However, for areas with low banana prices, banana farmers with limited funds, and seasons with more disasters, the lowest economic cost should be used to obtain the maximum economic benefits. The measures for saving fertilizer cost are as follows. Usually, 2-3 yuan/plant of fertilizer is input, and the yield of 15-25 kg/plant can be obtained.

First, choose a soil with a more fertile soil. The soil organic matter content is large, the texture is loose, and the soil layer is deep, which can make the root system grow well, reduce the application amount of organic fertilizer, and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer.

Second, do not set the target production too high, it is appropriate to use 15-25 kg / plant, try to use the ground force. Reduce the waste caused by the large application of fertilizer due to the target high output.

Third, do not apply commercial compound fertilizer, use simple fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate (or urea), calcium (or calcium magnesium phosphate), potassium chloride self-complex fertilizer, you can also try low-cost biological fertilizers such as biological potassium.

Fourth, if the planting area is small and close to the village, the application of farmyard manure and soil fertilizer will not only benefit the growth of bananas, but also reduce the funds for purchasing commercial fertilizers.

Fifth, fertilization is applied by means of leaching and foliar application to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. For example, urea leaching can save 1/3 of fertilizer, and the effect of foliar application can reach several to several tens of times of soil fertilization.

Sixth, appropriate early application of fertilizer, 80% of the fertilizer should be applied before the bud, especially the snow banana, the fertilizer should be basically applied before the bud, the growth of the fruiting period uses the nutrients in the soil and the residual effect of the fertilizer.

Seventh, pay attention to irrigation and drainage, soil management, water nutrient, cultivate developed root system to reduce weed and soil erosion and nutrient leaching.

Eighth, reasonable close planting, cultivation of perennial roots, timely removal of buds, timely bud retention, timely pest control and wind protection, appropriate use of plant growth regulators.

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