Transgenes are artificially isolated or recombined genetic information that is introduced into the genomes of animals and plants, early embryos, embryos, or somatic cells to accurately and rapidly alter the gene structure of recipients and to obtain transgenic plants and animals with the desired traits. The application of transgenic technology breaks the boundary between species and enables the breeding work to make full use of all the genetic variation traits. After importing, removing or suppressing some genes, unique animal and plant varieties are cultivated.
Plant extraction process
1. Select plants/medicinal materials. It is nothing more than ancient prescriptions, proven prescriptions, and folk medicinal herbs. At present, common and uncommon medicinal materials have been studied. Most of the time, the amount of medicinal materials has been increased to extract low-isolated components, or medicinal plants have not been studied from Miao medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, Africa, Latin America and other places.
2. Extract. Solvent petroleum ether, n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, acetone, ethanol, methanol, water (small polarity → large polarity). Daily decoction of medicines is effective, use water and ethanol and other solvents with high polarity. Artemisinin and other boiling methods are not effective, use petroleum ether and other solvents with low polarity. The common medicinal materials, water/alcohol/ether, are presented again, and more compounds can be separated and identified.
3. Separation. This is the most important task. There are dozens of compounds in the solution extracted in the second step. Generally, column chromatography is used, which is what we often call column flushing. The workload is large, boring, and low-tech. A master's degree may do this every day for 2 years of experimentation. As shown in the figure below, the column for separating compounds is as large as 2 meters high and as small as 10 cm. Change the solvent conditions of the mobile phase, change the material of the column, and repeatedly wash the column under different conditions and separation principles to separate the monomer compound. High Content Monomer,Kudzu Root Powder,Magnolia Bark Extract Powder,Golden Turtle Lotus Extract Shaanxi HuiKe Botanical Development Co.,Ltd , https://www.oasis-hk.com
This breeding technology has created a new field of animal and plant breeding. It has achieved many new achievements with both scientific guidance and practical value, and has further expanded into the field of production. According to the purpose of breeding, there are mainly:
I. High-quality and high-yield breeding: High-quality, high-yield breeding is the primary goal of transgenic technology breeding. Before the 1990s, it was widely used in crops and mainly to increase the yield of crops. In recent years, it focused on improving quality. For example, American scientists increased potato starch content by 20% to 40%, up to 40% to 60%. The transgenic technology has developed a specific microtuber species that facilitates starch processing, yielding up to 3 times that of ordinary potatoes and a starch content of up to 40%. At present, 43 varieties of crops have been improved in the world.
In recent years, transgenic breeding has been applied to fish production, which has made a great success. In 1995, the U.S. Western Pacific Institute of Oceanology successfully applied transgenic technology to produce a giant squid that grew faster and faster than the common squid. The average weight was 11 times that of the common squid and 37 times the largest individual.
The Department of Biology of the University of Maryland transplanted the growth hormone gene in rainbow trout that grew faster, into the body of common squid. As a result, the growth rate of fresh fruit fish increased by 22% to 30%.
Second, improve resistance to breeding: Resistance breeding is mainly to improve the ability of plants and animals to resist pests and natural disasters. Recent achievements in this area include: 1. Transplanting viral coat protein genes into crops to make them resistant to viral infections, and developing anti-virus crop varieties such as anti-virus tomatoes, anti-viral tobacco and anti-virus cucumbers; 2. The isolated trypsin inhibitor gene is transferred to tobacco, cotton and other crops to cultivate insect-resistant cotton and insect-resistant tobacco; 3. The enveloping protein gene encoding Wesna virus is introduced into sheep somatic cells to produce sheep. The envelope protein blocks viral macrophages.
The most innovative is that Australian geneticists have transplanted a chitin gene that can melt insects on the skin of ewes to breed skin-toxic sheep breeds to eliminate the harmful effects of parasites such as wool worms. It can be extended to long-haired rabbits, mohair goats and other fur animals.
Third, comprehensive improved breeding: on the basis of maintaining the superior traits of the original varieties, to overcome or remove the bad traits, add or supplement the good traits, from the genotype to the phenotype have been improved, the application of transgenic technology in this area earlier Also more extensive. There have been 43 species of plants such as rice, wheat, corn and alfalfa and 18 species of animals have been improved. For example, British scientists have isolated the genes for high fecundity of Chinese Meishan pigs and implanted them into the body cells of British Great White pigs. This has enabled Great White Pigs to grow fast, have high lean meat percentage, and increase fertility. Botanist at the American Agricultural Research Agency's Diet and Grassland Research Institute in Dhita, transplanted the low-temperature-tolerant and persistently-promoting genes (Fructan and its enzymes) of Bromelain (a virulent weed) to warm-season In plants, alfalfa, sorghum, and sorghum, the latter gains the ability to resist low temperatures and prosper, prolong the green grass stage of grassland, and shorten the subtilis period, which is instructive to the season-improvement breeding of plants.
Fourth, cross-care breeding: the use of transgenic technology to make animals or plants inside, or animals - plants cross-infection between pathogens, production of immune antibodies with the health of plants and animals, has become a hot and difficult two years of transgenic technology breeding.
Scientists use genetically modified technology to implant microbial antigen genes into plant and fruit cells, such as vegetables and fruits, to grow seedlings, transplant them into farmland, and produce seeds or vegetables, fruits (carrots, bananas, broccoli, and cabbages) containing microbial antigen genes. , Qing Qing, etc.) for human health and epidemic prevention. For example, after the American scientist Charles Alte developed a potato containing an anti-hepatitis B vaccine, he was also developing a banana containing a hepatitis B vaccine in order to achieve the purpose of immunizing people just by eating fruits and vegetables. The ability to reproduce and produce without ever declining will bring the human cause to a new stage of development while saving a large number of microbial antigen vaccines and immunization costs.
At the same time, scientists also use transgenic technology to breed animals with medical care value to prevent some chronic diseases of humans. For example, the British Agricultural and Food Research Association uses the obtained transgenic chickens to produce chicken meat and eggs with lysozyme to eliminate the harmful effects of bacteria on the human body. The National Institute of Animal Industry of Japan uses genetic engineering techniques to produce transgenic chickens that contain human hemagglutinin (CT) and TPA (cardiovascular disease) eggs, and is prepared to be further developed for the treatment of hypertension, arteriosclerosis, Cancer, immunocompromised, diabetic and Alzheimer's genetically modified chickens or mice.
In 1995, Agracetus and Bristol Myers used GM technology to produce anti-cancer drugs using soybeans and corn. This technology was called "bioreactor production (PBP)". It introduced anti-cancer genes into crop stems to guide crops. The granules produce specific anti-cancer substances and undergo massive propagation. The corn and soybeans that the two companies co-produced were called “BR96â€, an anti-cancer monoclonal antibody. Imagine the breeding of corn and soybeans. Propagating and producing this kind of medicine will bring great convenience to the production of anti-cancer drugs. If we use a variety of biological enzymes needed for the production of food processing, it will bring revolutionary progress to the food processing industry.