Biotechnology (also known as bioengineering technology) refers to the use of living organisms or organisms to improve products, improve plants and animals, or cultivate microorganisms for special purposes. Traditional biotechnology refers to the traditional process of making sauce, vinegar, wine, bread, cheese, yoghurt, and other foods. Modern biotechnology is based on traditional biotechnology. The establishment of recombinant DNA technology is The logo, based on the results of modern biological research, takes genes or genomes as the core, and the biotechnology industry takes the gene industry as the core and radiates to various biotechnology fields. Utilizing bio-specific functions through modern biotechnology design methods and means, changing animal physiological and biochemical reactions and material metabolism processes, using feed processing and new technologies and developing new feed additive products, etc., to produce various substances needed for humans, Including food, medicine, food, chemical raw materials, energy, metals and other products. The application of modern biotechnology in animal husbandry can be used to save feed, improve feed utilization, improve the quality of the environment, prevent animal diseases, and achieve animal production with high quality, high yield, and high efficiency. At the same time, a large number of new types of nutrients can be produced. , health products and additives. First, fermentation engineering technology Fermentation engineering is an organic combination of the basic principles of microbiology, biochemistry and chemical engineering. It is an engineering technology that utilizes the growth and metabolic activities of microorganisms to produce various useful substances. This technology can be used to produce antibiotics, vitamins and other commonly used drugs and human insulin, hepatitis B vaccine, interferon, hyaluronic acid and other new drugs for the production of microbial proteins, amino acids and some food additives (such as citric acid, lactic acid, natural pigments, etc.) For biological nitrogen fixation and microbial feed production, microorganisms can be used to purify toxic polymer compounds, eliminate toxic gases and malodorous substances, and treat organic waste water, waste residues, and so on. Vitamins C, B2, B12, D, and β-carotene produced by the fermentation method or the semi-synthetic method include vitamins. In the past, the production of chemical synthesis required a relatively large amount of lysine and methionine, which was costly and restricted the amount of use and surface area. At present, microbial fermentation production and the use of genetic engineering techniques to clone genes that synthesize specific amino acids into microbial cell plasmids, so that biological technologies such as the proliferation of certain microorganisms have been used in the production of amino acids with new strains. These methods have yields. High, short production cycle, low cost, etc. Komatsubar et al. have successfully used gene transduction technology in the production of some threonine species and in the production of L-lysine and L-threonine. With the in-depth study of the ideal amino acid model, the strains that produce different amino acids or their genes are assembled according to the ideal nutrition pattern, so as to produce in vitro or in vivo a new generation of ideal natural products that meet the needs of animals. The research and development of the preparation will become the development trend of the development and production of amino acids in the future. Adding amino acids in the diet can balance the proportion of amino acids, increase the utilization efficiency of feed protein, reduce the environmental pollution caused by nitrogen emissions, vitamins can increase the absorption and metabolism of animal nutrients, maintain animal life and normal growth, add high in animal feed The dose of certain vitamins can enhance the animal's immune response ability, improve anti-virus, anti-tumor and anti-stress capabilities, and improve animal product quality. Second, plant engineering technology A number of CMS lines were created using plant engineering techniques and applied in production. Typical examples were the use of rapeseed and tobacco. Biotechnology can be used to transport plants after harvest and reduce the enzymatic activity of plants during storage, reduce nutrient losses; and use modern biotechnology such as tissue culture, haploid breeding, cytoplasm fusion and genetic engineering to improve feed ingredients such as cereals The methods for breeding by-products of vegetable oils and pastures change the seed oil content or protein, starch content and components of plants, increase the concentration of levan and soluble sugar in feed crops, and reduce the lignin content of by-products. 1. Improve the quantity and quality of protein in feed crops. Crop seeds are rich in protein, such as beans protein content as high as 20% or more, cereals, seed protein content of about 10%, but the composition of essential amino acids in crop seed protein is not balanced (such as legume seeds lack sulfur amino acids, The lack of lysine in cereal seeds and the lack of tryptophan in some cereal seeds have severely reduced the nutritional value of proteins. At present, many countries have successively studied and cultivated some excellent high-lysine maize lines. China has cultivated such strains as Zhongdan 206, Xinyuhao, and Nongda 107. High lysine corn, also known as high-quality protein corn, has a lysine content of 0.4% or more, protein 10% - 12%, and crude fat 5%. A large number of studies have shown that its feed value is 1.5-1.6 times that of ordinary corn. Australian scientists use genetic engineering to cultivate a new protein-rich brand. They transferred a factor in the pea seeds that encodes the sulphur-containing amino acid code to the eucalyptus leaves. Albumin in peas is different from albumin in other plants. It does not break down in the rumen and is almost entirely absorbed by sheep. Feeding sheep with this new breed promotes wool growth and increases wool production by 5%. As one of the ideal protein feed crops, earthworms will have a great demand in the 21st century. 2. Cultivate low-toxic feed crops. Traditional Chinese rapeseeds contain glucosinolates (hereinafter referred to as glucosinolates, containing approximately 7%-9% in cakes) and erucic acid (more than 50% of total fatty acids). The glucosinolates themselves are not toxic, but it In the animal body, it is catalyzed by myrosinase to produce harmful substances such as oxazolidinethione, isothiocyanate, and thiocyanate, which can cause metabolic disorders in animals and result in death from poisoning. The content of erucic acid is high, and the fatty acid content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, etc. is low, so that the nutritional value of traditional vegetable oil is greatly reduced. For the first time, Chinese scientists have discovered and adopted the “Porama canola cytoplasmic male sterile line†to produce double low rapeseed (low erucic acid, low glucosinolates), its level in the world advanced level, such as “Xiangyou 11†and “Zheyou oil†On the 2nd, "Henan 3-227", "Premium Oil 21", "Huazhong 3" and so on. For example, Huazhong No. 3 is more than 90% lower than traditional erucic acid, sulfur and glucose glycosides are reduced by 80%, and production is increased by about 10%. In China, a number of successful single-microbe or multi-microbial fermentation processes have been used to reduce the free gossypol content of the cake to less than 0.04%, and the isothiocyanate and oxazolidinone content of the cake has fallen below 0.045%. . The famous new varieties of rape grown abroad include Linn and Tower. Third, animal engineering technology 1. Single cell protein production. SCP refers to the microbial protein obtained by large-scale cultivation of bacteria, yeast, mold, microalgae, and photosynthetic bacteria using various substrates, and is an important source of protein in modern feed industry and food industry. SCP is rich in nutrients, with protein content ranging from 40% to 80%. It contains a complete and balanced set of amino acids and is rich in vitamins. It has a high digestibility rate (usually higher than 80%). Its greatest feature is the wide availability of raw materials and microbes. Rapid breeding, low cost, high efficiency. Cells and yeast use methanol, ethanol, methane, and polyparaffins to produce single cell proteins (SCPs); use many substances in waste to convert SCPs, such as rice straw, bagasse, lemon acid waste, kernels, syrups, animal waste, and Dirt, etc.; Production of SCPs using algae (eg Chlorella, Scenedesmus). Microorganisms producing SCP include yeast, non-pathogenic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi, and algae, among which feed yeast and algae proteins have the fastest development. The main raw materials for the production of SCP are pulp waste liquid from the paper industry, molasses and waste from the sugar industry, miscellaneous waste from the wine industry, and waste, and various types of plant wastes, shells, sugar residues, sawdust and other rural waste. The cellulose production in the SCP. The protein content of SCP feed can reach 40% - 80%, and it can reach more than 90% after adding the limiting amino acid methionine, and rich in amino acids and vitamins. Every kilogram of SCP can increase the cow's milk production by 6-7kg: Feeding layer chickens with 10% SCP can increase egg production by 21%--35%, and 1t of single protein can save 5-7t of diet. . Shanghai Yeast Factory cultivates microorganisms capable of enriching trace elements through specific biotechnology. Such as selenium yeast, zinc yeast, etc.: Spirulina as algal protein production, has been widely promoted, protein content of 62% - 70%, rich in carotene, phycocyanin, sodium alginate and insulin-like active substances. 2. The production of new feed additives. The oligosaccharides currently used as feed additives are isomaltooligosaccharides, galactan, mannooligosaccharides, oligosaccharides, sucralose, soy oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides. Corresponding to the prebiotics, products such as oligosaccharides are called prebiotics, which provide directly fermentable substrates for digesting existing beneficial bacteria, promote the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms, and regulate the microecological balance of the digestive tract. These products fall into two categories: one is fructooligosaccharides that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, and the other is oligomannose that promotes immune responses. Yolk antibodies prevent the attachment of pathogenic E. coli to the mucosa of the small intestine through an immune response, thereby preventing and treating the piglet's jaw. 3. Enzyme preparations. Enzyme preparations are high-efficiency bioactive substances with enzyme properties extracted from animals, plants, and microorganisms. They are usually mixed with a small amount of carriers to form powders. The process of preparing enzymes from microbial cells generally includes several steps such as cell disruption, solvent extraction, centrifugation, filtration, concentration, and drying. Certain enzymes with high purity require several methods or even repeated treatments. Enzymes produced using biotechnology include: proteases, cellulases, lipases, lactases, phytases, non-starch polysaccharide enzymes, pectinase, and the like. Most enzymes come from fungi, but recent gene coding has cloned different enzymes such as β-glucanase, xylanase and phytase. Phytase is a kind of phosphatase that hydrolyzes phytic acid. It can degrade plant phosphorus into inositol and inorganic phosphoric acid. Adding phytase to feed can increase the utilization rate of phosphorus in feed by 60% and excrete phosphorus in feces. The 40% reduction in volume is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of minerals and amino acids in monogastric animals. Beta-glycanase and pentosanase are added to diets dominated by barley, wheat, rye, and oats to break down the anti-nutritional factors glucan and pentosan in the diet and improve nutrient digestion. Use, improve the non-filtering polysaccharide digestibility, reduce the broilers and piglets intestinal viscosity. Studies have shown that a mixture of xylanase, protease and amylase can improve digestion of low-viscosity cereals such as corn and sorghum. 4. Degradation of straw lignin. A strong ester bond between lignin and cellulose inhibits the degradation of cellulose by rumen microorganisms. A white rot fungus was isolated from the straw heap at ASTON University in the United Kingdom. It only degraded lignin and did not reduce cellulose. The white rot fungus was used to ferment the chopped wheat straw. After 5-6 weeks, not only was the protein content increased, but also The in vitro digestibility of straw increased from 19.63% to 41.13%. Under appropriate conditions, the mycelium of the white rot fungi first dissolves the surface wax with its secreted super-fiber oxidase, and then the hyphae enter the interior of the straw and produce cellulase, hemicellulase, endo-glycanase, and Cut sugar enzymes to degrade lignin and cellulose, making it a sugar containing enzymes, so that straw feed becomes sweet and delicious, easy to digest and absorb.
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