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The suitable sowing date of rapeseed should be stable at 15～20°C when the ground temperature is 5cm, generally 15~20 days earlier than the appropriate sowing date of local wheat. The difference in climatic conditions in winter canola production areas in China is large, and the sowing date is not consistent. Huanghuai District, the appropriate sowing date of general rapeseed in late September, seedling transplanting in early September. The drylands are planted in early September. The upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River will be raised on September 8-13 and will be broadcast live on September 15-20. The lower reaches of the Yangtze River will be raised on September 15-20 and will be broadcast live around September 25.
In addition, to determine the specific sowing date, we must consider the characteristics of the species, soil moisture and so on. Strong winter varieties can be properly sowed early, strong spring varieties are sown late, and they should be sown immediately in case of earthworms.
2. Choosing the right way of planting rapeseed can be planted in two ways: live broadcasting in Daejeon and seedling transplanting. Both methods have their own characteristics:
(1) Characteristics of live broadcasting First, the main root is well developed, and it has a strong ability to absorb deep soil and water. The main roots of live rapeseeds are deeper, usually more than 1m thick, with a thicker soil in the Guanzhong Plain, and humans can reach depths of more than 2m. Roots distributed deep in the soil are conducive to absorbing nutrients and moisture in the soil layer and improve the ability of rape to resist drought and tolerant. The main root of transplanted rapeseed was cut off, the soil was shallow, and the ability of drought resistance and drought resistance was inferior to that of live rapeseed. The second is strong support and resistance to lodging. The lateral roots of the main roots of 5-15 cm from the surface of the live rapeseed are well developed. These lateral roots are at a certain angle with the main root, which has a certain fixed and supporting effect on the main root and is not prone to root collapse. The third is less labor. Compared with transplanting seedlings, seedbed management and transplanting are reduced.
(2) The characteristics of seedling transplanting First, the solution to the seasonal contradiction. In the two-year-old and one-year-three-birth-cropping areas, the early contradiction between early and late thawing tends to affect the early sowing of the rapeseed in the proper season. Before the immature harvest, the seedlings are transplanted and nursed in advance on the seedbeds to make full use of the pre-winter conditions to cultivate strong seedlings. After the timely harvesting of the former crops, the plants are then transplanted to the fine-grained plants, staggering the contradiction between busy autumn and late afternoons. It is conducive to the early emergence of rape seedlings and guarantees harvest throughout the year. The second is strong growth and neat groups. Early sowing of seedlings to accumulate more nutrients will help early growth of strong seedlings. At the same time, the seedlings were graded and transplanted in batches according to the prescribed density and row spacing at the time of transplanting. The seedling growth was consistent, the plant spacing was consistent, the population structure was reasonable, the population structure was reasonable, and the population quality was high.
(3) Determine the appropriate planting method To determine the appropriate planting method, we must consider the natural conditions and farming systems in different regions.
According to the cultivation system, two ripe winter rape areas can be used flexibly and transplanted. Before and after the season, the contradiction is small, the varieties are well-matched, the regular sowing can be guaranteed to adopt the live broadcast, the harvest is done late, and the impact of the live broadcast is appropriate. The three-matured winter rape area before and after the season has an outstanding contradiction between the seasons, and must be transplanted. Three-matured winter rape area and one-year-old spring rape area should adopt live broadcast.
Considering natural conditions, in areas with low precipitation and poor irrigation conditions, it is difficult to ensure seedling nursery watering and post-planting water-saving seedlings. It is not appropriate to adopt seedling transplanting. The live broadcasting method in the dryland area can ensure the ability of rapeseeds to resist drought and rot. At the same time, soil viscous areas cannot guarantee the quality of transplanting, and live broadcasting should be adopted.
3. Seedling transplanting technology
(1) Cultivate strong seedlings 1 Choose a good seedbed. Seedbed land should be smooth, fertile, loose, sunny, and easy to use. The former had not been planted with rape and other cruciferous crops for 2 to 3 years; the use of early rice paddy fields for seedbeds or spring peanuts and early soybeans for nursery beds were compared. ideal. The ratio of seedbed to field area is 1:5.
2 fine soil preparation, adequate base fertilizer. Suitable for deep plowing, heavy hoeing and lightening to make the soil finely crushed. Combining soil preparation with 2000-3000kg organic fertilizer per acre, superphosphate and ammonium carbonate 20-30kg each. The seedlings are 1.33m wide and 30cmo;
3 period of uniform broadcast. According to the time of the sowing of the field, it is generally concerned that the soaking temperature is stable at 21 to 22°C, and sowing is usually done 7 to 10 days earlier than the direct seeding field. The sowing volume should be controlled at 0.5 to 0.7 kg per 666.7m2 seedbed. Can be divided into 2 to 3 times sowing, so broadcast, shallow cover, without revealing seeds.
4 seedbed management. Qi seedlings after the early sparse seedlings, uniform Liu Miao, Dingmiao timely, so that "a leaf sparse, between the two leaves, set the three leaves." It is advisable to keep 1 seedling with 7 to 8 cm square and leave 80,000 to 100,000 seedlings per acre. Pay attention to the timely irrigation of row seedlings, irrigation to spray irrigation effect. In the period of 2 to 3 leaves, fertilizer should be applied as appropriate. If there is a reddish leaf color and slow growth for a long period of time, apply 5 to 7.5 kg of urea per acre. After five leaves control water and fertilizer, promote root development. Before the transplanting, the seedlings were found to be red, and urea 2.5 kg per mu was used to deliver the marrying manure. Pests and hangovers were found. Seedlings with higher fertility should be sprayed with 1 oomg/kg of paclobutrazol at the 3-leaf stage to cultivate dwarf seedlings.
(2) Timely transplanting to improve the quality of transplanting 1 Transplanting time. The transplanting period of rapeseed is determined according to the local climatic conditions, cultivation systems, soil conditions, and species characteristics. It is generally transplanted in the middle and late October to early November. The lake and Beijiang Plain are required to be planted by October 20; the Sanshou cropping area in southeastern Hubei is transplanted from late October to early November; the suitable transplanting season in Henan is in the middle and late October. Generally, after transplanting, the seedlings will grow for about 7 days, and then they will grow for 20-30 days before winter and grow 4 to 5 leaves. The vegetative area can reach the state before transplanting.
2Improve the quality of transplanting; transplant on the basis of applying the base fertilizer in fine field preparation. Technically grasp the following points: First, take the seedlings without damaging the roots, and bring more root protection. In order to take good seedlings, when the seedlings are in arid state, they should be irrigated with water every day. When taking seedlings, it is not easy to damage the roots. When the seedlings are grown in batches, large seedlings are to be taken and leaves are left to be seedlings, watered manure or a small amount of chemical fertilizers are applied after the seedlings are sown, and the seedlings are quickly grown, and transplanted in the second batch during the appropriate planting period. The second is to implement ditch planting. In the north, rape is also planted in the east-west direction of the ditch, which is conducive to raising the temperature of the soil and keeping the seedlings overwintering. This means that the east and the west will be ditched and the ditch will be 10cm deep. The Shipei will be planted on the north side of the ditch and the ditch will be planted with rape. The third is fine transplanting. When transplanting, they must do “three thingsâ€, “three sidesâ€, and “four plants and four plantsâ€, that is, “the planting must be done, the roots must be planted and the trees must be plantedâ€; Pouring root water "Wide" size seedlings planting not mixed planting, planting new seedlings are not planted overnight seedlings, planted straight root seedlings are not planted hook root seedlings, planted root seedlings are not planted hanging root seedlings (root is not suspended, soil to be compacted). At the same time, we must pay attention to deep planting of tall plants, that is, planting soil in high plants to increase resistance and prevent winter dead seedlings.Four is to apply root pressure and root water to plant roots before transplanting. After each acre timely recovery of manure excreta 500kg and superphosphate 40kg do root pressure fertilizer, promote seedling development.At the same time, timely pouring root water, is conducive to close contact with the roots and soil, live trees return green fast.
4. The method of live broadcasting and the broadcasting of rapeseed after the broadcast are generally used for sowing, and there is also the use of open-pit chute seeds and open-hole on-demand. The seedlings have high work efficiency, uniform seeds, and the same depth and depth. The amount of live broadcast is generally 0.4-0.5kg per mu. Hybrid rape seed is small, and the price is more expensive, so it is advisable to adopt precision seeding, which is appropriate to sow 0.1-0.3ks per acre. In order to ensure uniformity of the seeds, 0.5 kg of rapeseed quality rapeseed can be sown with mixed seeds per acre, or mixed with seeds and sand. The depth of sowing is 2~3cm. Generally take a wide and narrow row planting, wide line 60 ~ 70cm, narrow line 30cm. Dry land is generally 40 to 50 cm, and is planted in rows. The ditching method is to open the ditch 13~16cm deep with a plough, then use it to slip the seeds and cover the soil. Open acupuncture points on the general line spacing, spacing 30 ~ 40cm, each hole points 2 ~ 3 strains. The poorly-distributed plots should be repressed after sowing and the seeds should be in close contact with the soil to facilitate emergence.
After the emergence of Daejeon's direct seed oilseed rape, the number of seedlings should be 10 times that of seedlings. If the time is not enough, the seedlings will be crowded and the seedlings will be crowded with each other to compete for nutrients, resulting in weak seedlings and tall seedlings. Therefore, the seedlings will be dredged immediately after the alignment and the seedlings will be 1-3 times from 1 to 3 leaves, and 4 to 5 leaves will be seedlings.
Cultivation Techniques of Rape--Early Seeding and Nursery
1. The suitable sowing date is determined for early sowing, and nurturing strong seedlings is the basis for achieving high-yield and stable production of high-quality rapeseed. Appropriate sowing dates are determined based on climatic conditions, farming systems and species characteristics. Early winter rapeseed suitable for early sowing, can use the pre-winter growth period to promote seedling long root, hair leaves, root neck thickening, accumulation of more nutrients, to achieve strong: seedlings over the winter, early spring long steady, stable production and income. Sowing late, before winter, the growth time is short, the leaves are few, the root volume is small, the accumulation of dry matter is less, the stress resistance is poor, the dead seedlings are serious in winter, the number of branches and leaves is less in spring, and the number of corner noise and pods is less. However, the planting was too early, the growth was too prosperous in autumn, the nutrient consumption was excessive, the roots were old, the resistance was poor, and it was not conducive to high yield. Strong spring varieties, sowing too early, can easily lead to flowering before the year, serious reduction in production.