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The goal of disease control must be clear. The goal is to "control" the disease. It is not yet eradicating the disease. In general, the control measures are usually to reduce the number of pigs in a reasonable manner, cut off the route of infection, and properly disinfect the equipment.
Partial elimination is achieved by discontinuing birthing, which creates a "bubble" that can swim in the system. Viruses in the field can only be completely eradicated in small groups.
Diseases are transmitted through direct contact between pigs, nasal secretions, saliva, feces, urine; long-term feeding pens carry disease; during pregnancy, vertical transmission through the placenta, piglets carry disease; pathogens carry pigs in the field The flow or introduction from the outside, such as mechanical transmission (vehicles, equipment, shoes, clothing), carriers (insects, rats, mice, birds), airborne, wild animals, sperm insemination with infected boars and so on.
Principles of Disease Control Regardless of which control method is used, strict biosafety procedures must be in place to prevent the entry of diseases such as transportation (pigs, feed, straw mats), visitors’ protective clothing, sources of feed and mats, and water supply. , food for carriers, handling of dead animals, etc. Disease control principles include the following:
Must establish adequate isolation facilities. The construction of the farm must be far away from residential areas, traffic arteries, etc.; there is enough space to keep the replacement breeding pigs on the basis of all-in and full-out; managers cannot work in the production area; must purchase breeding animals and diseases in highly healthy units Infected herds were isolated and the isolation period was at least 63 days.
The most important control method is to stop or at least limit the spread of the disease in the field. If successful control is to be achieved, the farm management standards must be increased. There are four "golden principles" here: limiting contact between pigs, "stress" is a killer, good hygiene, good nutrition.
Limit the links between pigs. Disease can be spread through contact between pigs, limiting exposure can reduce the prevalence of the disease. Contact between pigs may be indirect. Injections, surgical tools, equipment, feces, personnel, carriers (flies, mice, rats, birds).
Stress is a killer. Stressed animals are prone to illness; exposure to microbes puts significant strain on the immune system. If the immune system is overloaded, bacteria and viruses can cause disease; if a measure puts stress on pigs, consider whether Use other methods that produce less stress to achieve the same goal.
Good hygiene conditions. Nothing can replace good hygiene and biosecurity measures; it has an effect on cleaning and disinfecting buildings; and it prevents needles and other tools from spreading diseases.
Adequate nutrition. Good nutrition is not only necessary for growth, but also has an important role in the development of the immune system; colostrum provides protection and prevents piglets from infecting existing diseases on the farm; ensuring that pigs eat as much as possible within 12 hours of birth Colostrum; provides high-quality feed, especially in the weaned pig feed to provide high levels of antioxidants that help strengthen the immune system.
The management methods that must be taken are all in and out of the system. Sources of infection can be transmitted between pigs; all in and out systems to prevent this risk; can be applied to each stage of each cycle, such as birthing, weaning, growth and fattening, etc.; there can be no crossover between batches throughout the system; Unsatisfactory pigs cannot be kept in the next batch; staff must follow the animals.
Batch production. Due to the limitations of livestock houses, the traditional weekly production model is difficult to achieve the batch isolation required for full-entry and full-out production, and batch production is required so that each batch can be large enough; every 3 weeks A batch of systems proved to be effective: the larger the number of batches is, the easier it is to achieve batch isolation; in line with the natural law of the sow for 3 weeks as a love period, easy to manage; 21 weeks of production cycle, pigs in postpartum Weaning for 4 weeks is ideal. It facilitates the fine division of labor every week, such as services, births, weaning, cleaning and disinfection. Minimize pig polyculture. Polyculture increases the contact between pigs and puts them in tension; if possible, the grouping of pigs from weaning to finishing is the same; pigs are weaned on the same day, keeping each nest as a group; if it is necessary to have different nests Pigs are grouped into larger groups to minimize the number of litters; keep growing pigs/bred pigs always in the same small circle; preferably by grouping each group into groups to achieve the desired group size, rather than through pigs Only the method of mixing; the same group of pigs should enter the finishing period at the same time, in order to adapt to the housing can be divided into groups; do not mix groups to increase the size of the group; in each part of the system to prevent polyculture between different batches.
Strictly perform cleaning and disinfection procedures. Most infectious sources live in organic waste; if the sty is not completely sterilized, the disease will be transmitted to the next group of pigs; the pigs should be cleaned and disinfected immediately after they are removed; soaked in water so that the organic substances can be easily removed and washed. Wash and rinse with detergent and allow it to dry completely before transferring to the next batch of pigs; place a foot-disinfection tank at each entrance.
Management of colostrum during childbirth. It is best that the pig has good colostrum intake within 6 hours of birth. Some sows may not have antibodies. Consider the "fostering" technique, which is to exchange pigs within 6 to 12 hours (newborn pigs must be fed at least once from their mother).
After 24 hours of birth, the foster care is stopped. Absorption of antibodies stops after 24 hours; fostering after 24 hours may contribute to the spread of the virus, and contact should be avoided as much as possible.
Houses are physically isolated. Open isolation is prone to indirect pigs; it is prone to spread of pathogens; the open isolation between homes becomes physical separation.
When weaning, keep the density of pigs in the house lower. The lower the density, the less stress the pig has; the less stress is equivalent to good health. Recommended Density: From weaning to 22 kg 0.3 m2/head; growing to 50 kg 0.6 m2/head; finishing pig 0.75 m2/head.
Increase the feeding point. If the pigs fight to fight for food, it will increase stress. Increase feeding points to reduce competition for food. Each head of weaned pigs has at least 7 cm of space. Even larger pigs must ensure that they have sufficient eating space to ensure that they can eat food at the same time.
Good nutrition. Food intake is usually reduced at weaning, increasing stress; improving the immune system requires good nutrient supply; supplying high-quality feed after weaning to reduce stress due to weaning; constantly updating the feed to keep it fresh; at all times It is convenient to drink clean water. If you don't drink this kind of water, why would you ask the pig to drink it?
Improve the control of temperature and ventilation: cold causes stress and reduces immunity; reduces the temperature change in the pig's living environment; maintains the optimum temperature for the pig's life; and ensures proper temperature for the newly weaned pig. Improving ventilation in livestock houses can help reduce the harmful effects of harmful gases on the respiratory system. Recommended maximum levels: 10ppm ammonia, 0.15% carbon dioxide. Eliminate cold air flow and irritating air flow; reduce dust.
Limit the number of pigs in each group. The fewer pigs in a circle, the fewer chances of disease transmission between individuals; it is recommended that each litter be a group; if you must mix different litters of pigs to form a larger group, keep in mind the principles of disease control.
Do not cut your teeth when weaning. Is it necessary to cut the teeth? It may only serve to spread disease.
Strictly implement health measures. Good hygienic standards are ensured at the end of the injection and the end of the paragraph. Needles are replaced between different litters. Instruments are sterilized between different pigs. When a lot of tools are used, they are all placed in sterile discs. Disinfect the pool with foot soles; use separate equipment for each building.
Formulate rules for sick pigs. The longer the sick pig is in the lap, the greater the chance of other pigs being infected; the establishment of a policy on sick pigs persists for a long time; treatment is quickly moved to the fence, how long it takes to recover, and when to be executed.
Treatment of dead pigs. Dead pigs should not be placed around the barn; they should be kept away from the barn before disposal.
In short, strict biosecurity procedures are required to prevent new infections from entering the swarm. The introduction of breeding stock from a highly healthy unit means that the better the health status of a group, the smaller the impact of the new disease on the group. If you want to successfully control the disease, you must implement a high standard management system, keep in mind four principles, reduce contact between pigs, reduce stress, maintain hygiene, and ensure nutrition.
Improve management methods to control porcine infectious diseases
The new swine disease that is currently emerging forces us to reassess the existing production system. If there is no vaccine, improved management methods must be used to control the disease; even with the vaccine, leaving management may still not work. This article provides some basic methods to help pig farms use appropriate methods to control infectious diseases in their respective situations.