11 Mistakes in Fertilization in Grape Cultivation

In the newly planted vines, new roots usually grow when the tendrils grow. Excessive application of fertilizer before the new root grows on the one hand causes difficulty in the water absorption of the seedlings, on the other hand, it makes the new roots hard to grow. When it encounters high temperatures, the above-ground parts will die and die.

Note: When new roots are grown, it is not appropriate to use too high a concentration of fertilizer.

2, after the germination yellow leaves a lot of fertilization and watering.

Before germination and flowering, 65% of the vine's nutrition came from the storage of the tree in the previous year. At this time, the tree showed yellowing, which was mainly due to insufficient accumulation of nutrients in the previous year.

The related factors are as follows:

(1) High output in the previous year, late harvest, insufficient nutrient accumulation;

(2) Early fall of leaves caused by downy mildew in late last year;

(3) There were many nitrogenous fertilizers in the late years of last year.

(4) In the later years of the previous year, soil moisture was excessively rooted or the amount of fertilizer was excessively large.

(5) Basal fertilization is applied too late or in spring, and roots are heavily damaged. All of these reasons are basically related to the weak and weak root system. In early spring, the temperature rises quickly and the ground temperature rises slowly. If you choose to fertilize and water a lot, it will lead to lower soil temperature and poor root absorption capacity, plus the root system itself. If it is weak, there will be less watering and fertilization. In this case, on the one hand, it is necessary to breathe loose soil and increase the temperature of the soil. At the same time, it is necessary to add nutrition to the leaves.

3. The yellowing of the treetop or the yellowing of the whole tree blindly fills the iron fertilizer.

In some orchards, the leaves of the treetops are yellowed, and even the whole tree leaves are yellowish in color. The symptoms are very much like iron deficiency. It is not necessarily iron deficiency in the soil. Most of them are cold and wet in the soil, poor in root respiration, and weak in absorption capacity. The absorption of other elements is difficult, resulting in yellowing of the upper part of the tree. This phenomenon occurs mostly in greenhouses or in orchards covered with plastic film and soil moisture. Fertilizing or watering at this time will reduce the temperature and increase the iron deficiency symptoms. Foliar iron and other elements can not replace the root absorption, can only be a temporary solution. The first thing to do is to breathe loose soil and drain wet. Greenhouse grapes should be riven, timely release, and more ventilation, not only reduce the temperature inside the shed, reduce water consumption, but also reduce humidity; for mulching orchards, mulch film, loose soil as soon as possible. At the same time, the leaves are supplemented with nutrients for the growth and development of the grapes.

4, vines grow slowly on a lot of fertilizer.

Many grape vines do not grow long, and new shoots are difficult to grow, mainly due to excessive soil moisture or air tightness in the soil, difficulty in root breathing, low absorption capacity, and weak or weak root systems. Fertilization at this time results in greater soil moisture and poorer air permeability. When the amount of fertilizer is too large, it is easy to burn roots. The first thing to be solved in this case is the problem of soil permeability and root respiration, and soil loosening and dehumidification are effective measures. I agree very much with what a teacher said: "The root system is the engine."

5, the more fertilize the better, reabsorption light absorption.

Many vine growers take it for granted that the more grapes they grow, the better they grow and the higher the yield. According to research by Liu Jiaoling and Wang Shiping of Shanghai Jiaotong University, the ratio of grapes with high-concentration fertilizers to those with medium- and low-concentration fertilizers is lower and the yield is even lower. As mentioned earlier, there are 5 bags of fertilizer on one acre and more land. There is no root system to grow at all, let alone absorb it. Since it cannot be absorbed, why should it not be fertilizer? Many fruit growers are very blind when fertilizing, comparing with each other and increasing the amount of fertilizer. In a sense, more fertilization is better than trying to increase the utilization of fertilizers, increase absorption, or say that more fertilization is not as long-rooted. To create a loose, breathless, non-wet, organic-rich soil environment will be conducive to root growth and absorption. If the soil environment is good, the root system will be good, and a healthy and good root system will ensure the healthy growth of the above ground parts.

6, fertilizer is too concentrated, too close to the trunk.

The distance that the fertilizer can move in the soil is limited, that is, when the fertilization is concentrated, only part of the root system absorbs nutrients. Concentration of fertilization can easily cause excessive local concentration of fertilizer, resulting in burning root. Root absorption of nutrients is mainly due to the absorption of the hairy roots, while the hairy roots are distributed in close proximity to the main trunk. Most of them are relatively coarse root systems. These roots mainly transport nutrients and moisture absorbed from capillary roots and have no absorption function. When fertilizing near the trunk, it not only has low absorption and utilization, but also can easily cause burnout of rough roots, which has a great impact on tree growth. If a large number of rough roots died in the previous year, the spread of germs along the roots of death would result in the sudden death of the growing branches in the next year.

7, drip irrigation when only fertilizer, do not drop water.

When individual orchards are drip-filled, fertilizer is added each time, and the drip of fertilizer stops immediately. As the amount of water in each drop is limited, the evaporation of water on the surface causes the concentration of fertilizer in the soil to become higher and higher, eventually causing the roots to burn out. The integration of water and fertilizer should be preceded by a drop of fertilizer, first 15 minutes of water, drip fertilizer and then drop 30 minutes of water.

8, organic fertilizer is equal to organic matter

Organic manure and organic matter are two different concepts, many people equate them. Organic manure refers to carbon-containing materials that are mainly derived from plants and (or) animals and applied to the soil to provide plant nutrition as its main function. Organic matter refers to organic matter that contains vital functions.

Soil organic matter (humus) refers broadly to life-derived substances in the soil. Including: soil microorganisms and soil animals and their secretions as well as soil and plant residues and plant secretions. Soil organic matter plays a role in regulating soil permeability, buffering properties, increasing beneficial microorganisms, and increasing fertilizer utilization. The purpose of applying organic fertilizer is to increase soil organic matter. Many fruit growers pay more attention to the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients contained in organic fertilizers, while ignoring the most useful organic matter. Organic materials in organic fertilizers need to be biotransformed before they become humus, which has a humification coefficient problem. There are many organic fertilizers. The content of labeled organics is very high, but there are few humus that can be converted into. Therefore, organic fertilizers should not only consider the organic content, but also consider the humification coefficient.

9. Fresh compost of chicken or pig manure is considered to be decomposed.

Fresh chicken manure or pig manure contain more nitrogen, phosphorus and other components and the price is low. There are several issues to be aware of when applying it:

First, the ammonia and putrescine (odor) contained have a great effect on the damage to the grape leaves and roots.

Second, it will bring in a lot of germs and nematodes.

Third, heavy metal pollution. The third way is to increase the salt content of the soil, and the salinity of many dried chicken manures exceeds 10%, and soil salinization is caused by long-term application.

Fourth, excessive nitrogen fertilizers cause unbalanced elements. Fresh chicken manure or pig manure is simply composted. In the whole process, harmful bacteria and nematodes are not reduced, part of the nitrogen fertilizer (ammonia and putrescine) is lost, and the environment is also affected. This fertilizer applied to the soil can easily cause serious burning of roots or cause root rot.

Fresh chicken manure or pig manure needs to be stuffed with organic materials such as soaked straw. After high temperature fermentation, the nitrogen and phosphorus in the chicken manure or pig manure and the cellulose in the straw are used and transformed by microorganisms and become no Damaged grapes are more easily absorbed and utilized by the grapes, and NPK is more balanced. And during the high-temperature fermentation process, harmful bacteria and nematodes are killed in large quantities, making them safer for the grapes and making the soil healthier. After the chicken manure or pig feces after high-temperature fermentation and decomposing, there is no odor smell, distribution of white hyphae, unfamed chicken manure or pig manure, can not see the hyphae, and it smells rather odor.

10. Acidify severe soil and continue to apply physiological acid fertilizer.

The pH value of the soil affects the absorption of mineral elements by the grape. At the same time, the pH value of the soil is closely related to the activity of the microorganisms and the population distribution. It also has great influence on the growth and development of the grapes. Under acidic conditions, the organic matter in the soil is decomposed, the buffering capacity of the soil is reduced, soil compaction is caused, the permeability of water permeability is deteriorated, and the growth and development of the crop are seriously affected. Acidic soils produce fungi, root rot and root knot nematodes increase. In old orchards, soil acidification occurs due to continuous application of sulfur-based or chlorine-based fertilizers for many years. If the soil has been acidified, these physiological acidic fertilizers should not be applied again and should be adjusted with physiological alkaline fertilizers.

11, excessive application of phosphate fertilizer, affecting the absorption of calcium and some trace elements.

Excessive phosphorus can affect the absorption of zinc, iron, boron, and manganese. Excess phosphorus will also cause the ionized calcium and magnesium to solidify and reduce absorption. The absorption of calcium and magnesium by grapes is far greater than the absorption of phosphorus.

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