Although the cause of drug injury is more complex, it is nothing more than the following three aspects: First, the wrong use of pesticides or impurities in pesticides; Second, the use of deterioration and contain harmful impurities in pesticides; Third, not yet mastered the application of pesticide technology, when spraying Unsuitable crop growth stages, inappropriate application weather, methods, etc. were selected. The main symptoms of phytotoxicity: What is the difference between phytotoxicity and disease? The second is to properly dispose of the remaining liquid in the sprayer, that is, when the spray is completed, the remaining liquid must not be thrown in order to avoid phytotoxicity. Remedies to be taken after injury: Regular inspections of crop growth and development during the first week after application, in particular the use of herbicides and plant growth regulators, require more field inspections. There are the following first aid measures to reduce the harm of drugs: (2) irrigation and drainage remediation. For some pesticides caused by herbicides, proper irrigation and drainage can also reduce the degree of injury.
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(1) Spot type. This kind of phytotoxicity is mainly manifested on the leaves of crops, and sometimes on stems or fruit skins. The common drug spots are brown spots, macular spots, and net spots. For example, irregular browning of rice leaves can occur in the early stage of paddy fields when rice plants are improperly sprayed with butachlor. Shoots of watermelon leaves with Jinggangmycin can cause small yellow spots; Bordeaux mixture can produce brown net spots of cork tissue on the surface of apples.
(2) Yellow type. This kind of phytotoxicity was found in the stems and leaves of the plants, and more yellowing occurred in the leaves, which was mainly caused by pesticides hindering the normal photosynthesis of chlorophyll. According to the severity of the injury, the leaves were yellow and the whole plant was yellow. The yellow leaves of the leaves are yellow and the base leaves are yellow. Such as fenthrin in the watermelon on the new shoot yellow performance; wheat by the green mellon mild phytotoxicity, the performance of the base leaf yellow; wheat by Simazine injury can start from the tip of the edge of the yellow , and then extended to the whole leaf, causing the leaves or the whole plant yellow withered; diuron can make the leaves of cotton seedlings appear yellowish green symptoms.
(3) malformation type. This kind of phytotoxicity can show symptoms in the stem, leaf and roots of crops. The common deformities include leaf rolling, clumping, root swelling, malformed ear, and deformed fruit. For example, if the wheat seed buds are harmed by dimethyltetrachlorobenzene, the bases of the buds and the roots of the young roots are swollen; if the cotton seedlings are harmed by the herbicidal ether, the growing points will be atrophied, and the cotton leaves will be blister-shaped; the tomato is affected by 24- When D is harmed, it shows typical hollow fruit and malformed fruit.
(4) Withered type. This kind of phytotoxicity often manifests symptoms throughout the plant, and most of them are caused by improper use of herbicides. For example, glyphosate injury at the seedling stage of rice can cause the plants to die with yellow seedlings; after the watermelon seedlings are harmed by chlorotoluron, they show yellowing of leaves, coking leaves, and atrophy of plants, resulting in dead seedlings.
(5) growth stagnation type. This type of phytotoxicity inhibits the normal growth of the crop and slows plant growth. For example, improper use of green mellon in rapeseed shows slow growth, reduced branching, and has a certain impact on yield. Paclobutrazol is used in late paddy field. If transplanting is not used, the seedlings will be grown slowly and affect the normal. Heading.
(6) Infertile. This type of phytotoxicity is caused by improper use of the crop during the reproductive growth period. For example, rice shoot green can cause male infertility before and after meiosis in rice pollen mother cells, resulting in empty batches of panicles and reduced yield.
(7) Shedding type. Most of these types of phytotoxicity occur on fruit trees and some dicotyledonous plants, with fallen leaves and fallen flowers. Drops and other symptoms. If peach trees are harmed by copper preparations, they will cause defoliation; when pear trees use methamidophos during flowering, they will cause falls; improper use of ethephon in hawthorn will cause fruit drop and defoliation; Bordeaux mixture can cause apples to fall and fall; and lime sulfur mixture to apples. It can also cause fruit drop.
(8) Inferior fruit type. This kind of phytotoxicity is mainly manifested in the fruits of plants, making the size of the fruits smaller, the abnormality of the fruit surface, the deterioration of the quality, and affecting the value of food. For example, watermelon suffers from ethylene toxicity, and the melons are dark red with odor; tomatoes suffer from copper preparations and can cause cell death on the surface of the fruit to form a brown fruit phenomenon; the grape is damaged by increasing yield, causing loose ears and shrinking fruit.
The difference between spot-type phytotoxicity and physiologic disease is that the distribution of the former on the plant is often not regular, and the whole field is also light and heavy; the latter is generally common, and the site where the symptoms appear is more consistent. Spot-type phytotoxicity and fungal-type diseases also differ from each other. The spot size and shape of the former vary greatly; while the latter has an onset center, and the spot shape is relatively uniform.
The yellowing caused by phytotoxicity is compared with the yellowing that appears due to lack of nutrients. The former tends to develop into yellow leaves from yellow leaves, and there are plenty of sunny weather and rapid yellowing. In the absence of nutrient elements, yellow and rainy days appear. Yellowing occurs slowly, and yellowing is often associated with soil fertility and fertilization levels. There is consistency in the performance of yellow seedlings throughout the field. Compared with the virus-induced yellowing, the yellow leaves of the latter often have a broken green appearance, and the diseased plant shows a systemic pathology, and the diseased plant and the healthy plant are mixed.
The difference between the deformity caused by drug injury and the abnormality of the virus disease lies in the fact that the occurrence of the former is universal, and local symptoms are expressed on the plants; the latter is often a sporadic disease, manifesting systemic symptoms, and often mixed in leaves with broken green, bright veins, wrinkled leaves, etc. symptom.
Compared with the wilt symptom caused by the injurious disease and the withering injury, the former has no disease center, and most of them have a slow process. The first is yellowing and the last one is dead. The rhizome-transmitting tissue has no browning; the latter is mostly the root and stem conduction. Blocking of the organization, when the sun is full, when the amount of evaporation is wilting, the plant will die after dying, and the root canal is often browned.
The delay caused by drug injury is compared with the stiffness and deficiency of physiological disease. The former is often accompanied by drug spots or other phytotoxicity symptoms, while the latter is characterized by poor root growth and stiffness. Leaves yellow or dark green.
The main difference between drug damage and disease is that the former only has symptoms and no symptoms. In addition to inferior fruits, it also shows other symptoms of drug injury; the latter has symptoms, most have symptoms, and some have no illness. Often show systemic symptoms, or do not show other symptoms.
(1) Adhere to the application after the first trial. Before spreading a large area of ​​pesticides, it is necessary to conduct tests in a small area to screen the scope of application of the drug, the object of control, the appropriate period of control, the amount of drug to be administered, and the method of application.
(2) Strictly control the use of pesticides. The first is to choose the right medicine to do the right medicine; the second is to register the dosage or density of pesticides, but also must grasp the appropriate application period, use the appropriate method of application, and should pay attention to the quality of the application.
(3) Do a good job of avoiding harmful drugs. The first is to thoroughly clean the sprayer, especially the sprayer that has applied the herbicide. If other sprays are used, it must be thoroughly cleaned; if the spray device is applied to the 2,4-D butyl herbicide, if it is not thoroughly cleaned, it will be cleaned. Dicotyledonous crops produce phytotoxicity. The correct cleaning method is: for plastic barrel sprayer, use 5% lye soak for several hours, rinse with water repeatedly; for iron barrel sprayer, use 1% ferrous sulfate solution
10 kg, soak 2 hours, then wash with water more than 2 times. In addition, nozzles, sprays, switches, etc. of spray equipment should also be carefully cleaned.
(l) Fertilization remediation. For the phytotoxicity resulting in symptoms such as foliar patch, keratosis and yellowing of the leaves, adding fertilizing material can reduce the degree of injury. If wheat seedlings appear to be harmed by chlorotoluron, human fecal urine may be topdressed and topdressing urea plus potassium dihydrogen phosphate may be applied outside the roots.
(3) Hormone remedies. For herbicides, plant growth regulators such as 2,4-D butyl ester, alachlor, herbicidal dan, Da Zhuang, ethephon, and rhubarb etc., which are used to prepare or interfere with gibberellin synthesis in plants, Spraying gibberellin after injury can relieve the degree of injury. For example, watermelon cultivars misuse dimethyl tetrachlorine and produce phytotoxicity with a gibberellin spray of 20-30 ppm to reduce the extent of phytotoxicity. 