Clone monkeys, why can't clones?

The myth in "Journey to the West" is becoming a reality. The cloned monkey "Zhongzhong" and her sister "Huahua" were born in China for nearly two months! On January 25th, Beijing time, their stories were on the cover of the international authoritative academic journal Cell, which means that Chinese scientists have successfully broken through the world's problems that the existing technology cannot clone primates.

"Zhongzhong" and "Huahua" were cloned using the world's first cloned sheep Dolly's technical route, namely, somatic cell cloning, and humans evolved from monkeys. Since it is possible to clone monkeys, the technology of cloning humans is probably It’s also eighty-nine, so the clones are not far from us!

However, the United Nations has long said that although cloned animals are barely strong, clones are absolutely impossible!

On March 8, 2005, the 59th UN General Assembly approved the United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning, adopted by the UNGA Law Committee in February 2005, and called on member states to ban all forms of human cloning, including research on embryonic stem cells. Therapeutic cloning was performed. Although this is only a declaration, not an international convention that completely prohibits human cloning, it is not legally binding, but the message conveyed by the declaration is clear: the practice of cloning people violates human dignity and protects human life principles, and cloning people is inhuman. It is not ethical.

Of course, the international community’s opposition to cloning also has important reasons for the evolution of life sciences and humans.

Cloning is a transliteration from English clone, meaning asexual reproduction, that is, using biological (animal and plant) cells to replicate reproductive offspring, that is, an asexual reproduction. However, most organisms today form the exchange of DNA between the sexes (sperms and eggs) to reproduce the offspring. The most important reason for this reproductive form of natural fertility is that the exchange gene will add the excellent genes of the two sexes. Or multiply to make future generations healthier and stronger. Therefore, cloning is not the mainstream way of life today.

Newton once said that nature is not in vain, less is enough, and more is more beneficial. Since the sexual reproduction of the combination of the two sexes is the most favorable or the most inferior breeding method of human beings in natural selection, why should we start another stove and re-enable another way of breeding offspring?

Naturally, letting humans choose a way of sexual reproduction means that it has great advantages, at least better than asexual reproduction, although there are many advantages in asexual reproduction, for example, reducing the trouble of finding a partner and the cost of forming a family. The greatest advantage of the combination of the two sexes is that it helps to achieve genetic diversity, thus ensuring the survival of higher species.

These characteristics of sexual reproduction make humans adapt to the environment and the reasons for better survival are also reflected in many aspects. Sexual reproduction has two chromosomes, which usually show the characteristics of more prolific genes that are more beneficial to health in the offspring. Therefore, it is possible to exchange the genes for the next generation to surpass the generation. Moreover, sexual reproduction can temporarily preserve unfavorable genes and maintain gene diversity. In this way, when the dominant gene is no longer adapted to the environment, the recessive gene with the same position can be rapidly elevated and replaced.

In addition, the gene of each progeny comes from the recombination of the two parents, increasing the gene pool's richness and increasing individual differences. Russell said that staggered polymorphism is the source of happiness. The reason behind this is that diverse genes can produce physiological abilities that can cope with various natural and social changes. Individual survival rates are higher than those of asexual reproduction.

It has long been suggested by biologists that the offspring of genetic diversity can increase the number of niches they have at the same time, that is, individuals with the same genes (such as clones) often have the same needs for food, shelter, etc., while genetic diversity Individuals have different living needs and thus have a broader living environment.

Of course, perhaps lower organisms such as bacteria show the advantages of cloning because they are quite large in the environment and highly fertile. However, human beings are multi-celled lives, and they are the highest life. No one will agree that human beings can multiply in the way of cloning like bacteria to occupy the earth, and to let the human dominance of the world. At the same time, when evolution has formed a sexual reproduction of human beings, will people back to the era of asexual reproduction with the help of artificial reproductive technology? Unless there are black holes that allow humans to return to the era of asexual reproduction of billions of years ago.

The same legal and ethical provisions have been expressed internationally long before the United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning. On November 11, 1997, the 29th General Conference of UNESCO adopted a document entitled "World Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights" in Paris, explicitly opposing the use of cloning techniques to breed people. The Declaration states that the results of biology, genetics and medicine in human genome research should be used, but these studies must aim at maintaining and improving the health of the public, in violation of human dignity, such as the use of cloning techniques to breed people. Practice is not allowed. Of course, this is just a declaration and there is no legal compulsory.

Subsequently, on January 12, 1998, 19 European countries signed an agreement in Paris to strictly prohibit the cloning of human beings. This is the first international legal document prohibiting human cloning and is a supplement to the European Biomedicine Treaty. This treaty prohibits the research institutions or individuals in each signatory country from using any technology to create a person with a genetic similarity to a living or dead person, or imposes a heavy fine.

However, China voted against the United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning, but this does not mean that China supports the cloning of humans, but rather opposes the prohibition of therapeutic cloning for the study of embryonic stem cells, and even allows therapeutic cloning. There are also many laws and regulations in China that must not be violated.

That is to say, there are many levels and ways of cloning humans. One is research cloning, such as cloning embryos for research, but embryo development should not exceed 14 weeks. The second is therapeutic cloning, which is the cloning of human embryonic stem cells to treat diseases. The third is reproductive cloning, which is commonly known as the cloning of an identical person, just as Dolly is exactly the same as the somatic ewes it provides.

China is only against reproductive cloning. In any situation, any occasion, under any conditions, it does not approve, allow, support, or accept the test of reproductive cloning, but allows therapeutic cloning. In December 2003, China issued the "Ethical Guiding Principles for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research", which clearly stipulates that research on reproductive cloning is prohibited, and embryonic stem cells and therapeutic cloning studies are allowed, but the norms must be followed.

For example, blastocysts obtained by in vitro fertilization, somatic cell nuclear transfer, parthenogenesis, or genetic modification may have an in vitro culture period of no more than 14 days from the start of fertilization or nuclear transfer. Human blastocysts obtained in the previous paragraph may not be implanted into the reproductive system of humans or any other animal.

In addition, the first principle of cloning technology is to facilitate the survival and development of individuals and humans as a whole. The cloning of technical behavior should be consistent with the four basic principles of bioethics.

Even if it is a cloned animal, some countries are more cautious.

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