Chestnut not only has high nutritional value, but also is resistant to storage and transportation and suitable for export. Because of its strong adaptability, cultivation management is relatively easy, and it is very popular among fruit farmers in one year and many years. Let's take a look at the biological characteristics and cultivation techniques of chestnut. 1 Biological characteristics of chestnut 1.1 Morphological characteristics of chestnut Chestnut is a genus Fagaceae, deciduous tree. The bark is rough and straight, and the branchlets are short-haired. 1.2 Biological characteristics and ecological habits of chestnut Chestnut has strong adaptability to various types of climate, with an average annual temperature of 8-22 °C, absolute maximum temperature of 35-39 °C, absolute minimum temperature of -25 °C, and annual rainfall of 500-1500 mm. . However, the annual average temperature is 10 to 14 ° C, and the annual rainfall is 600 to 1400 mm. Chestnut has higher requirements for illumination. Insufficient illumination will cause the internal branches of the canopy to die and the branches will move quickly, which will seriously affect the yield. After planting, the chestnut seedlings began to grow slowly on the aerial part, and the underground part grew faster, and then the aerial part of the growth accelerated. Generally, the flowering result starts in 6 to 7 years, and enters the fruiting period in about 15 years. The grafted seedlings can be flowered 4 to 5 years after planting. 2 Cultivation techniques of chestnut 2.1 Seed collection Excellent varieties are the key to achieving high yield cultivation of chestnut. In the process of achieving good seeding, it must be adapted to local conditions and properly adapted. The mother tree should be selected as an excellent single plant with stable yield, high yield, good quality, early results, strong growth, and no pests and diseases during the fruiting period. When the chestnut fruit is fully mature, the hedgehog cracks and the fruit naturally falls off. After picking up the chestnut fruit picked from the ground, it is immediately mixed with sand. 2.2 nursery Since the survival rate of the chestnut by the beading and the cutting method is low, the production is generally based on two methods of sowing and grafting. Chestnut Xiguang, should be built in the low altitude hills or river beaches with an altitude of 500m, leeward sun and slope below 25°, to ensure adequate water supply and good drainage. The soil depth is 50cm, the groundwater level is 1m, the pH value is 5.5-6.8, and the soil is fertile sandy loam or gravel loam. Chestnut sowing time, divided into spring sowing and autumn sowing, with spring sowing as the most common. In the first ten days of April, the seeds in the sand were used for Datian or seedbed-type ditching. The spacing was (15-20 cm) (25-30 cm), the ditch depth was 5-10 cm, and the soil was 3-5 cm. Within the ditch, the amount of seed per acre is 125-150 kg. The autumn sowing can be properly thickened, and the soil is covered with grass to prevent rodents. The nursery management is the same as that of the general broadleaf species. The reproduction of chestnut varieties is carried out by grafting. Asexual reproduction by grafting with wild or wild rootstocks has been gradually popularized as the main breeding mode of chestnut trees. The original anvil is the most common, and it is also useful for wild species. In the north of China, 2 to 3 years old chestnut seedlings are used as rootstocks, and in the south, wild chestnuts of the same genus are used. The scion should be cut to produce robust growth branches or development branches on adult plants with strong growth, good results, and good quality. The middle and lower parts of the growing long branches can also be properly utilized. The grafting is generally carried out when the buds of the rootstock begin to sprout and the bark is easily peeled off. At present, chestnut grafting generally adopts splicing, skinning, and abdomen, and the application of bud grafting is rare. After the completion, we must do a good job in establishing wind-proof pillars, removing sprouts, picking and weeding, strengthening fertilization, loosening the joints, and controlling pests and diseases to ensure the normal growth of seedlings. Chestnut can be afforested in winter and spring. The roots are complete 2~3 years old seedlings. Before planting, they will dig large holes, land and fertilizer. After planting, water is poured, and the water is infiltrated and then cultivated into mounds to prevent wind shaking. Afforestation density, the row spacing of dried fruit forest is 6m×6m; the row spacing of fruit and forest is 4m×5m or 2m×3m; the row spacing of timber forest is 2m×2m or 2m×3m. Chestnut is a cross-pollinated tree species. When planting, you should pay attention to the configuration of pollination varieties. Generally, the main planting variety is 4 to 8 rows, and 1 row of pollination trees is arranged. If the flowering season meets the rainy weather, artificial supplementary pollination should be carried out to remedy the deficiency of self-pollination. 3 chestnut breeding management technology 3.1 intercropping Planting crops between chestnut forests can be used for cultivating, improving soil structure and improving soil fertility. It can also increase grain income, and grow short to achieve a good harvest. The intercropped crops are preferably legumes such as peanuts, mung beans, and broad beans. After the expansion of the crown of the forest, the green manure plants can be planted. 3.2 Soil Management Practice has proved that the chestnut garden is deep-turned, the physical and chemical properties of the lower layer soil are obviously improved, the ability to retain fertilizer and water retention is strengthened, the thickness of the living soil layer is deepened, and the root distribution is deepened. The chestnut fruit from all parts of Hunan was fully replanted after harvesting, and its depth was 15-20 cm. In Jiangsu Yiguang and other places, in the grass-grazing season, the soil is combined with greening; in the chestnut-producing areas of North China, people plan to “tree trays†under the chestnut trees. The first time is in the late autumn or early spring, and the planing is 15-20 cm deep, and the range is equal to the size of the canopy. It should be sooner rather than later. The second time in August, "where the heat" to "white dew", 12 to 16 cm deep, cut off the roots of the topsoil, and promote the development of the roots to the deep. Related experiments showed that the root profile of the deep-turned chestnut tree was 100 cm × 100 cm, and the roots of the deep-turned chestnut tree were increased by 34 compared with the un-tipped chestnut tree, and the absorption root of less than 2 mm was increased by 32. 3.3 Fertilization and irrigation In order to make the chestnut trees prosperous and stable, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, usually three times a year. The bottom fertilizer is applied in the excavation garden in the winter garden. The fertilizer type is mainly organic fertilizer, and the fertilizer is applied appropriately. From March to April, the second fat is applied. Generally, 5 to 10 kg of manure and manure are applied to each plant, and urea is 0.3 to 0.5 kg. From July to August, in order to promote fruit enlargement, 0.5 to 1 kg of compound fertilizer and 40 to 50 kg of decomposed organic manure are applied to each plant. Fertilizer is applied around the edge of the canopy. In winter, the organic fertilizer is applied in the annular ditch. In spring and summer, the fertilizer is used as the top dressing. It should be applied radially or at the point of application. After the fertilizer is applied, it should be poured in time. In the dry season, conditions should be irrigated in time. 3.4 plastic pruning Chestnut is a species of hi-light, and light has an important influence on the flower bud differentiation, leaf development, fruit setting, fruit yield and quality of chestnut. Therefore, the chestnut tree shape is essential. The shape of the chestnut canopy is usually a natural semicircle with a fixed dry height of 70-100 cm, the main branch is 5-6, 2~3 layers, and the first layer is 2-3. 2 layers 1~2, 3rd layer 1st, 2~3 side branches are reserved on each main branch, the layer spacing is 1~1.5m, the main branch spacing is 50cm, the first side branch is 60cm away from the trunk, and the side branches are staggered up and down to avoid Right. The plastic surgery can be completed in about 7 to 8 years. For subsequent pruning, “pruning and pruning†is usually used, or only dense branches, delicate branches, diseased branches and dead branches are removed, and other branches are generally not pruned. 3.5 pest control Common diseases that endanger chestnuts include chestnut bud blight, powdery mildew, anthracnose, chestnut rust, chestnut blight, etc. The pests include chestnut-like weevil, chestnut scorpion, beetle, and various mites. Pest control work must strictly implement the plant quarantine system, select approved varieties of pest-resistant varieties, use pesticides safely and rationally, control the amount of drugs, and focus on biological control to reduce environmental pollution. Taking powdery mildew and cockroach pests as an example, after the occurrence of powdery mildew, the diseased branches should be cut off and burned in time, and sprayed with stone sulphur mixture and sulphur powder. The cockroach pests should be mainly for prevention, and the sorghum should be deeply ploughed in winter. It was found that it was immediately removed and planted early to make the chestnut seedlings lignified in advance. If the insects were serious, the pesticides could be used in an appropriate amount. 3.6 tree body antifreeze At an altitude of 800m, the anti-freezing measures mainly adopt the method of whitening the trunk; at an altitude of 800-1500m, the method of covering the trunk with the grass or the straw is mainly used. Where conditions permit, the orchard can be treated with water to maintain the soil moisture, so as to improve the cold resistance of the tree and make it safe for winter. 4 Harvest and storage of chestnut The early maturing varieties of Chinese chestnut are mature in the middle and late August, and the most mature in late is not until late October, or mature in early November. Most varieties mature in October. Must wait for the chestnut to change from cyan to yellow-brown, and 30%~40% of the chestnut top has a cross-shaped micro-crack, and the chestnut fruit is brown. At this time, the harvest is best, otherwise the nut is immature and the tissue is tender and tender. High water volume is not conducive to storage. There are two methods of harvesting, such as chestnut picking and chestnut method. The former is used in the breeding area, and the latter is used in most producing areas. The former has the disadvantages of labor and long harvest period, and the latter is easy to injure the crown. Affect the results of the coming year. The harvested fruit was placed in the shade for several days. After most of the bulbs were cracked, the chestnuts were sorted and stored. The above is all the content of today, farmers who want to plant chestnut can refer to learn this article! Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Terrestrial plants may be grown with only their roots exposed to the mineral solution, or the roots may be supported by an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel. 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