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1. The northern strawberry cultivation area is generally located in the north of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, including the northeast, north and northwestern provinces. The temperature in autumn and winter in this area is relatively low. The average temperature in January is below 0°C and the sunshine duration is longer. It is suitable for dormancy and flower bud differentiation of cultivated varieties in cold regions. The open field cultivation uses low-alfalfa planting, and the winter needs to cover the film and straw to prevent cold. The facilities are cultivated in spring greenhouses, small arch shelters, and solar greenhouses as the main insulation structures, and are divided into two types, namely, cultivation promotion and semi-facilitation cultivation. Strawberry has a long growth period, high yield and excellent quality.
2. The central strawberry cultivation area mainly includes the provinces of the Yangtze River Basin and is located in the transition zone from subtropical to temperate. The average temperature in January is 0-5°C, and the strawberries cultivated in open fields can safely pass winter without covering. Temperature and sunshine in autumn and winter can meet the flower bud differentiation and normal plant dormancy requirements of strawberries. Precipitation is more than in the north and more sorghum is used for drainage. The growth period of strawberry is shorter than that of the northern cultivation area. The cultivation of facilities is mainly based on plastic greenhouses. There are also some semi-environmental cultivation and small arch sheds.
3. Southern strawberry cultivation area south of the Nanling Mountains, mainly including southern China and Fujian provinces. In winter, the climate is warm and the average temperature in January is above 10°C. It is difficult to meet the requirements of flower bud differentiation and dormancy of strawberries in autumn and winter. Although the purpose of early harvesting can be achieved without covering or simply covering in winter, it is required every year. Planting seedlings in the northern region or adopting measures such as alpine cultivation can ensure normal flower bud differentiation in strawberries. Strawberry production in the region is generally lower than in northern and central cultivation areas.
(b) Ecological conditions
1. Temperature The strawberry is sensitive to temperature. When the local temperature stabilizes at 2-5°C in the early spring, the root system starts to move. When the temperature reaches 10°C, a new root can be formed. The suitable root growth temperature is 15-20°C. When the fall temperature falls below 10°C, it will stop growing. When the soil temperature drops to -8°C in winter, the root will not be frozen.
The suitable temperature for strawberry plant growth and development is 20-30°C. In hot summer season, dry and hot weather conditions will inhibit the occurrence of new leaves of strawberry, and mature leaves sometimes have burn or scorch. Strawberry flowering below or above 40 °C will affect the pollination and fertilization process, affecting seed development and causing deformity. The minimum temperature at the flowering stage and the fruiting period must not be lower than 5°C, and flower bud differentiation will be stopped when the temperature is lower than 5°C. Plants that have been frost- and cold-tempered in late autumn have significantly increased cold-resistance. If grass-covered, cover-covered or snow-covered plants are used in winter, strawberries can be grown even in areas where the minimum temperature is -40°C.
2. Lights The strawberry is a light plant, but it is also relatively shade-resistant. The winter-covered leaves remain green during the winter, and photosynthesis continues in the spring of the following year. However, when planted densely or lack of light, the plant growth is weak, the inflorescence stem and petiole are slender, the leaves are light green, the flowers are not easy to open, the fruit is small, the taste is sour, the color is poor, and the ripening period is also delayed. When the light intensity is too strong, it is not conducive to the growth of strawberries. It is prone to drought and burns, the leaves become smaller, and the root development is poor.
Strawberries have different requirements for light at different developmental stages. Long flowering durations of 12-15 hours are required for the flowering period and the pumping period of the stolons. Short days and temperatures of 10-12 hours are required during the flower bud differentiation period.
3. Moisture The roots of strawberry are shallow and mostly distributed in 20cm soil layers. In addition, the plants are small, the leaves are large and the amount of transpiration is large, and the replacement of old and new leaves is continued throughout the growing period. It also requires a lot of stolons and developmental fruit, so it needs a sufficient supply of water. In the growth cycle, the different growth periods of strawberries have different water requirements. The lack of water at seedling stage will affect the normal growth of new stems and leaves. Water shortage during fruit setting will affect fruit development and reduce yield and quality. Controlling water at ripe stage of berries can prevent fruit from falling off and rot, and water shortage after harvest will root the stems. Difficulty, reduce the coefficient of seedling growth, fall into the flower bud differentiation period should be appropriate water control, in order to promote the transformation of plants from vegetative growth to reproductive growth.
4. Soil Strawberries can grow on a variety of soils, but to achieve high yields, they must be planted in loose, fertile, permeable, well-ventilated soils. Strawberries are suitable for growing in soils with a groundwater level of no more than 80-100 cm and a pH of 5.5-6.5. Marsh, saline land, lime, clay and sand are not suitable for planting strawberries. Whether the soil is suitable for strawberry growth depends to a large extent on the topsoil because it is the main distribution of the strawberry roots.
The Requirements of Ecological Environment for Strawberry Cultivation
(I) Main planting areas In terms of cultivation characteristics and climatic conditions, strawberry cultivation in China is roughly divided into three major areas.