Scientific name: Sinningia Speciosa Origin: Brazilian savannah Family Genus: Gesneriaceae, Gloxinia Characteristics: Perennial bulbous flowers. Sex is warm in winter and cool in summer. Appropriate growth temperature is 18-25 °C, not tolerant to low temperature, able to withstand high temperatures above 35 °C. Under natural temperature conditions, sowing from late March to mid-April and continuing flowering from August to early November is the ideal variety for the National Day flower. Its colorful flower, long flowering period. Because of its high summer temperatures during flowering, it is suitable for flower production and is favored by flower production and consumers. The import seeds of S. stenoptera have high germination rate, neat emergence, and abundant varieties, and are widely used in current horticultural production. The more commonly available varieties on the market are: Gloxinia-double, mainly Jinhua series and mystery series. The Jinhua series has a repetitive rate of more than 90%, which is the highest series of repetitive rates. Plant height 15cm, flower diameter 8cm, this series is the best-selling variety. The mystery series has a double valve rate of about 60%, a shorter plant shape, and earlier flowering, pink, purple and so on. This series is cheaper. Gloxinia-single is mainly composed of brilliant series, floral god series and mini series. The main colors of the splendid series are mixed color, blue, red and white, and red, and the flowering period is 10 days earlier than other varieties. The main colors of the Flower God series include cherry red, purple, lavender, watermelon powder, red velvet, and white velvet. The main color of the mini series is color mixing. Seeding/Nurturing: Seedling production of S. gloxinia includes sowing, bulb sprouting, cutting and tissue culture. Each method has its own operating characteristics and can make different types of production successful. The breeding methods are as follows: First, planting seedlings The optimum temperature for germination of Gloxinia seeds is 21-25°C. At natural temperatures, sowing is generally conducted from mid-March to mid-April. If germination room and temperature and room temperature control facilities are available, the sowing time can be determined according to the scheduled seedling stage or flowering period. There are 25,000 gram seeds per gram of gloxinia, which are very fine and require high substrate, temperature and humidity during sowing. In order to ensure a high rate of seedling establishment, special imported nursery peat should be used as much as possible for the selection of substrates. After the matrix is ​​laid and the seedling trays are laid, the substrate is slowly drenched with a fine spray nozzle and then seeded after 1 hour. When sowing the seeds, separate the seeding amount of each seedling tray in advance, spread the seeds evenly on the surface of the substrate several times evenly, and do not cover the soil after sowing, and place the mark on the germination room or greenhouse seedbed frame. If it is a germination room, it is set to a temperature of 23°C and a humidity of 90% or more. If it is on the shelf of a greenhouse, it needs to be covered with a mulch or the like on the nursery tray to maintain the higher humidity of the substrate. At the same time, there must be a thermometer that adjusts in time when the temperature deviation is large. About 15 days after sowing (3 weeks in the greenhouse), the tiny cotyledons emerged from the seed coat, and the budding will continue for several days. When 20 to 30% of the seeds germinate, the trays are moved to greenhouses. Roots and cotyledons are very tender at this time, and the surrounding environment should maintain greater humidity and weaker scattered light (below 5000Lux). Substrate moisture can not always maintain saturation, there must be a certain amount of pore air, once every 10 days can be applied to a nitrogen-containing 50ppm 20-10-20 liquid fertilizer. After 2 to 3 weeks, the seedlings grew slowly, and management was particularly meticulous. When there are 2 to 3 pairs of true leaves, seedlings will be planted. Dingmiao selected sterile peat and 128-hole plugs. After setting the seedlings, it is necessary to gradually control the moisture of the substrate, reduce the air humidity, and increase the illumination to about 10000 Lux. Fertilizer concentration increased to 75 ~ 100ppm, while paying attention to the prevention of pests and diseases. After the seedlings are seedlings, the seedlings grow rapidly. It usually takes 50 to 90 days from sowing to seedlings. Second, bulb seedlings Bulb seedling is the process of sprouting new shoots under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity using the bulbous roots formed between the roots and stems during the growth of the previous year. Compared with sowing seedlings, bulb seedlings have the following characteristics: 1 The bulbs used can be the ones that could not be sold in the previous year, which reduces part of the production costs; 2 The use of bulbous seedlings can emerge in April and the flowers in June. 2 months ahead of seedlings; 3 seedling growth is not as good as seeding seedlings and is not suitable for large-scale production. Ball seedling points: By November, the minimum temperature is below 10°C, plant growth and flowering are poor, and when the growth is weakened, the substrate moisture is controlled. After the ground part is dry, the ground part is removed, and the bulb is stored in a dry place. In March of the following year, the bulbs were directly planted in pots and irrigated with water. At 20°C, buds sprouted one after another in one month. After germination, leave one main bud and remove lateral buds. Lateral buds will affect the plant shape. Third, cutting seedlings Shoots sprouted from gloxinia plants or buds sprouted in the peat and perlite half of the matrix, and they soon became seedlings. Cuttage nursery also has the characteristics of short growth cycle and irregular growth, which is not suitable for large-scale production. Cuttage nursery points: Select a strong, not long, uniform cuttings, cut half the leaves, the substrate can not be too wet. Fourth, group cultivation seedlings Tissue culture of fine plants in the production of S. cuniculi can produce a large number of tissue culture plants in the expected time. Tissue culture seedlings have the characteristics of controllable emergence time and neat specifications, and are suitable for large-scale production. However, compared with seedling seedlings, the cost is high. Planting / Upper Basin: After the gloxinia is implanted, the roots in the 128-hole plug-in trays will have to be raised. On the basin can choose 12 ~ 15cm plastic basin. The matrix is ​​made up of 6 parts of homemade peat, 2 parts of coarse perlite and 2 parts of coarse-grained vermiculite. Then add 2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to each side of the mixed matrix and sterilize it with steam or drugs before putting on the pot. When the seedlings are raised on the pots, the correctness and depth of the seedlings must be maintained, and water is poured immediately after the pots. Illumination regulation: The optimum temperature for the growth of S. matsutake is 18 to 25°C. In this temperature range, shade is generally not required, and adequate illumination is required to maintain a high photosynthetic rate. In the winter when there is insufficient light, it is necessary to add light to ensure that the daily light is not less than 8 hours. Temperature control: In the late June to early September, there will often be high temperatures exceeding 30°C or 35°C. At this time, one or two layers of shading nets are required to shade, in order to achieve the purpose of cooling. If possible, use a fog to cool down the effect is better. High temperatures have inhibitory effects on the growth of gloxinia, but if managed properly, there will not be much harm. However, the flowering period during the high temperature is very short, so it is best to control the flowering in late September. If you want to bloom in autumn and winter, you need to maintain the greenhouse temperature above 15 °C. Cultivation and management: Seedlings are generally planted in the basin from May to June. The temperature at this time is most suitable for the rapid growth of S. matsutake. A lot of new roots will grow after one week in the upper basin. After that, weekly water-soluble fertilizer containing 150ppm of nitrogen and 20-10-20 water-soluble fertilizer will be applied. In order to supplement the absorption of CA, 100ppm of nitrogen may be applied at intervals. -0-14 water soluble fertilizer. After application for a period of time, depending on the growth of the plant, the concentration of liquid fertilizer may be appropriately increased or decreased. The Gloxinia root system is a weak type, and it is necessary to maintain a certain degree of dryness of the substrate in the early stage of growth, and it is not always too wet to promote the healthy development of the root system. When the root system is underdeveloped, if the fertilization time has been reached, the substrate is still wet, and fertilization may be delayed for 1 to 2 days. Daily watering should be controlled before 10:00 AM. The leaves of gloxinia are densely covered with fluff. They can absorb more water and are highly susceptible to germs and sunburn. From the growth of the roots, it can be judged whether the watering is proper: under normal circumstances, the new root grows out of the matrix and hits the wall of the basin and will grow straight down along the outer periphery of the matrix. The upper and lower parts of the matrix periphery have similar root systems, fine root mesh coiled It is white. If the bottom of the substrate is surrounded by a large number of roots and the upper part is less, it means that there is less daily watering, and the roots grow toward the bottom of the water matrix; if the roots in the upper part of the matrix are exuberant and the bottom is scarce, it means that the daily watering is more, the bottom is more watery. The lack of air inhibits the growth of the root system. Diseases and Insect Pests: Falling sickness is the most likely disease before the Dendrobium nodosum emergence after seedling emergence, and large plants will also be infected. The damping-off disease is generally caused by incomplete disinfection of the substrate and infect the plants. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly shut down the substrate and apply drugs such as Rhizoma Pseudoseu has a certain control effect. In the case of a lot of watering, poor root system, and fragile plants, the probability of soft rot disease caused by plant infected bacteria will increase, and it should be promptly controlled by copper preparations or agricultural streptomycin and other drugs. The pests that harm gloxinia include ulnar warts in the vegetative growth period and fleas in the summer high temperature period. When spraying pesticides to prevent and treat these pests and diseases, choose cloudy days, mornings or evenings. Do not spray when exposed to sunlight, otherwise it will bring unexpected damage to the plants. In addition, carefully observe the effect of spraying and adjust the medication in time. Chupu quality: Before the gloxinia go out of the nursery, the hardening of the seedlings should be carried out. The hardening process lasts for 1 to 2 weeks. Light and ventilation should be strengthened to allow the plants to undergo exercise so as not to affect the growth and blooming due to environmental incompatibility. Moderate control of water and fertilizer, and control of seedling height, foliar spray calcium magnesium fertilizer, so that the foliage dark green, improve seedling resistance, and remove yellow leaves, diseased leaves. When planting, the plants are required to be robust, normal in color, and generally dark green. And the apical buds are normal, the roots are white and clean, there are no dark brown spots, the plant height is quite, and the plant type is compact. (Huang Linfang)
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Sinkiang cultivation techniques
English name: Gloxinia