The main problems in breeding dairy cows When buying dairy cows, only pay attention to the price, but ignore its variety and production performance. Some cows in cattle farm or livestock market are largely due to their production performance is not suitable for continued feeding, or because of a disease that affects normal production performance. But its price is low. Many farmers have purchased the product at a cheap price, resulting in low efficiency and regret. The design of housing is irrational and the site utilization rate is not high. Rural farmed dairy cows are generally simple because of their embarrassment. They usually use abandoned old houses or build simple cowsheds. They are not designed by professionals. Therefore, the building of the barn is very unreasonable, lighting, ventilation, water supply, drainage is inconvenient, and it brings a lot of trouble to the breeding operation. The diet is not scientific, and the proportion of crude and concentrate feeds is unreasonable. Most peasant households lack the basic knowledge about the nutritional needs of dairy cows, and erroneously believe that the more concentrated feed, the better, resulting in the occurrence of metabolic diseases in dairy cows. During lactation, nutrition is excessive and dry nutrition is lack of nutrition. Many farmers believe that dairy cows should enhance nutrition during lactation to increase milk production, and thus overvalue the increase in concentrates, resulting in over-nutrition. In dry milk, they do not milk and have low nutritional requirements, and drastically reduce concentrates. The amount of arbitrarily reduced nutrients, resulting in the occurrence of nutritional diseases in dairy cows. The awareness of anti-inspection is weak, and there is a lack of the concept of "prevention from treatment". Most households do not pay attention to epidemic prevention and quarantine, and do not pay attention to environmental sanitation and disinfection in daily feeding and management, causing dairy cows to have various diseases. After the onset of dairy cows, they were eager to seek medical advice, resulting in increased input and lower output. In addition, the lack of attention to the quality of semen in breeding, long milking time, short dry milk period, and late elimination of dairy cows also affect economic efficiency. Choosing the best breed with reasonable nutrition Choose the best species. When farmers purchase dairy cows, they must first find experienced technicians to identify the purity of dairy cows. At the same time, we must go to a dairy farm with a variety of animal husbandry licenses and high reputation to purchase, and we must also consult the dairy cow's archives, and purchase healthy dairy cows with clear pedigrees, excellent performance, and no disease history and good epidemics. Scientifically matching diets to meet the nutritional needs of cows at different stages. The feed for dairy cows can be roughly divided into 7 categories: Green feed. Rich in high protein, various vitamins and minerals, young and juicy, good palatability, but relatively low energy. Silage. The fresh green feed is chopped into a silo and anaerobicly fermented by microorganisms. It not only maintains some of the original nutrient components of green feed, but also adds some beneficial biological strains, which in turn improves feed utilization. Roughage. Mainly includes hay, quail feed, etc. The proportion of roughage in the diet generally accounts for about 75%. However, the fibers are coarse and poor in palatability and must be fed after proper processing. Energy feed. The commonly used energy feed is grain, bran, and other feeds. Cereals should be processed and crushed for feeding. Coarse powder is better than fine powder and flattened best for easy digestion and absorption. Protein feed. Includes plant protein feeds, microbial protein feeds, and non-protein nitrogenous compounds. Protein feeds should be sorted according to their characteristics, processed according to their characteristics, and fed on a metered basis. Mineral feed. Mineral feed is essential for the health and normal growth, reproduction, and production of livestock. For high-yield dairy cows, it is not enough to rely on the minerals contained in natural feed and must be supplied in the diet. Other feeds. Other feeds refer to additive feeds, which mainly include trace elements and vitamins. When farmers raise dairy cows, according to the individual conditions of the dairy cows, reference should be made to the nutritional standards of the cows in different feeding stages to scientifically match the diets to meet the needs of dairy cows for various nutrients. The collocation of the diet must first meet the cow's demand for hay and other roughage, and then properly match the concentrate feed. Concentrated feed should be increased according to the increase in milk production, which is generally 4:1, that is, 4 kg of milk plus 1 kg of refined feed should be produced, and it should be properly matched with additive feed. Strengthen Feeding Management and Improve Breeding Benefits Farm layout and construction. When selecting farm sites, the farmer should follow the principles of high ground, dryness, leeward sunshine, away from traffic routes, adequate water sources, and easy handling of excreta. In the design of cowsheds, efforts are being made to reduce cows' stress on the environment and climate. The excrement and sewage of cattle farms must comply with relevant laws and regulations to achieve discharge standards and comprehensive utilization to prevent repeated pollution, so as to ensure the health of dairy cows. Feed regularly. A good production environment and feeding conditions are conducive to the secretion and excretion of milk, but also to facilitate the management of dairy cows. To formulate a set of effective operating procedures, regular feeding, regular milking, regular exercise, to ensure the normal physiological and nutritional needs of dairy cows, ensure dry milk time, and strengthen feeding management. In dairy farming, whether the dry period is sufficient and whether the feeding and management is scientific will directly affect the production performance in the next lactation period. Under normal circumstances, dairy cows are milked until the end of the 10th month and dry milk is stopped and milking is stopped. To ensure that the dry period is about 60 days, let the cow rest in order to facilitate the calving of the cows and to lactate again. Dry milk phase also pays attention to the nutrition of dairy cows, so as to facilitate the dairy cows to exert greater milk production performance in the next lactation period. Dry milk methods include: gradually dry milk method, fast dry milk method, drug injection dry milk method, farmers choose according to their own circumstances. During the dry period, the cows still have to increase their movements, brush their bodies, and protect them from heat and cold. Strengthen dairy cow health and ensure the healthy development of dairy cows. Farmers must treat their cows in the feeding process. In aspects such as prevention and inspection, feed, environment, behavior, and hygiene, it is necessary to strengthen dairy cow welfare and comprehensive health care. To combine the epidemiological characteristics of local cattle disease, regular quarantine surveillance, procedural immunization and regular health deworming should be implemented. In order to reduce the spread of the disease, we must do a good job in the sterilization of housing and appliances. Timely elimination, timely restocking. In general, the useful life of dairy cows is roughly 10 years. Over 8 years, the performance of dairy cows began to decline, not only in the amount of lactation, but also in terms of slow estrus, decreased fertility rate, and small size of newborn yaks. Therefore, it is necessary to phase out and reduce unnecessary waste of resources and personnel.
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