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Nutritional factors
Insufficient intake of nutrients in summer hot and hot season, due to the pig's subcutaneous fat thickness, poor heat dissipation, the pig's feed intake, activity decreased accordingly, the intake of nutrients needed for sow breeding, so that the sows ovulation ovulation Laws appear to be disordered, affecting mating and conception, and stillbirths and weaker ones.
In the absence or shortage of vitamins during the summer heat season, the stability of the vitamins in the feed is destroyed. In particular, the fat-soluble vitamins A and E are the most basic and effective vitamins for maintaining the normal reproductive activity of sows. As the stability of vitamins is destroyed, vitamins in the feed are lacking or insufficient, resulting in low conception rates of sows and abnormal embryo development.
Nutrition is one-sided, lack of or insufficient green feed for feed intake in summer, reduced intake of nutrients or lack of certain nutrients (such as selenium, vitamin A, and E deficiency), coupled with lack of or insufficient supply of green feed, affect the normal breeding Reproductive activity.
Ambient temperature factor
The semen's vigor of the boar is negatively correlated with the ambient temperature. The higher the ambient temperature, the lower the semen's vigor. In summer, the temperature of some pig farms is as high as 38 °C ~ 40 °C, and some are even higher. When the temperature is too high, the boar's libido can be easily reduced. The quality of the semen is thin, and the amount of vitality is reduced. The vitality is significantly reduced, and dead sperm and weak sperm are increased. If the timing of mating the sow is not timely, it is easy to cause a mother. Pigs are infertile. This factor is the most direct cause of the low conception rate of sows in summer.
Lack of exercise
The summer weather is hot, and the amount of movement of the breeding pigs is relatively reduced. In addition, some pig farms use breeding bars for breeding pigs, and the amount of exercise is even less. If the amount of boar activity is too small, it will lead to a decline in semen vitality, which will directly affect the conception rate. Insufficient exercise capacity of the boar will affect the normal estrus of the sow. It will also make the sows' limbs weak and affect the fertility of the breeding.
Disease factors
Parvovirus disease affects reproductive performance of sows, depending on the stage at which the sow is infected with the virus. It usually causes sows not to be estrus, infertility, miscarriage, stillbirths, weak babies, mummies, and resulting sow production. Aberdeen quantity reduction and so on. After an empty sow is infected, it can affect the normal estrus of the sow, and part of the sows will show persistent estrus. The sow's initial infection will cause the sow to have neither sympathetic symptoms nor to give birth to the litter; the sow will be pregnant early. After infection, some embryos die early and are absorbed by the mother. After the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, part of the fetus will die halfway through the infection. Fetal fluid will be absorbed by the sow, the sow's abdominal circumference will be reduced, or stillbirths, weak tires, and mummies Or few piglets are born poorly; general sows are infected with the disease after 70 days of pregnancy, although sows can normally produce a portion of piglets, but usually piglets are poisoned and become a new source of infection. Prevention of Parvoviruses The parvovirus vaccine is usually administered to gilts or sows before mating, and 2 ml per sow. The gilts should be vaccinated once every 3 weeks.
Atypical swine fever causes the pig's immune system to decline, and causes reproductive production disorders in sows. If the sow is infected 10 days before pregnancy, it will cause premature embryo death or be absorbed by the sow. The sows will have regrowth or reduce the number of litters. If the sow is infected 10 to 15 days of pregnancy, it will increase the number of stillbirths; during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, Will cause stillbirth, weak fetus, postpartum growth and development of the fetus is poor; sows around the week before birth infection, although not affect the survival of piglets, but will affect the growth and development of piglets. Prevention of atypical swine fever should be in response to swine fever vaccination 15 days to 30 days prior to gilt or sow mating, at a dose of 2 heads to 4 heads per sow.
Japanese encephalitis The disease is mainly spread by mosquitoes and flies, and occurs frequently in summer. After the infection of Japanese encephalitis in boars, the main manifestation is orchitis, hypogonadism and decreased semen quality. After sow infection with Japanese encephalitis, except that the sows are prone to acute abortion, the antibodies in the blood of the sows are high. It is difficult for breeding, miscarriage, stillbirth, etc. General sows produce stillbirths and mummies. The mortality rate of newborn piglets exceeds 40%, and that of sows is about 20%. For the prevention of encephalitis B, the vaccination is usually performed once every spring and autumn for male boars, and once every 3 weeks for gilts.
Leptospirosis This disease can cause fetal death, miscarriage, and decreased piglet survival in pregnant sows. The period of the disease is from 1 week to 2 weeks. Sows are infected during the first month of pregnancy and the fetus is generally not affected. In the second month of infection, the fetus is killed, the sow aborts and the mummies are produced. The third month Infection results in miscarriage, low birth rate, and reduced piglet survival. In order to prevent leptospirosis, it is possible to administer Leptospira bacterin before the breeding of the sow in the area where the disease is common. When the pathogen is not fixed, the sow should be vaccinated with multivalent vaccine.
The disease of Chlamydia psittaci is generally endemic. The excretions and secretions of sick pigs and potentially infected pigs suffering from the disease can be infected with the virus. The disease can harm pigs of all ages, but it is most sensitive to pregnant sows. Pathogens can penetrate into the womb through the placental barrier. Causes fetal death. In general, primiparous sows and young sows not only have significant onset symptoms, but also have a relatively high incidence. However, the general sows do not have obvious symptoms, and only produce stillbirths. Prevention of Chlamydia psittaci disease should be focused on preventing the introduction of the disease. In areas where endemic infections are endemic, the vaccine should be from suckling pigs to breeding swine immunized against Chlamydia.
Brucellosis The disease is susceptible to infection in both adult boars and adult sows, resulting in acute or chronic orchitis and paragastitis in boars; resulting in miscarriage of sows, producing stillbirths and weak fetuses. The prevention of the disease should be focused on preventing the introduction of the disease. In the old epidemic areas where the disease is endemic, the general survey of breeding pigs should be strengthened and regular immunizations should be conducted.
Blue-ear disease (porcine reproductive dyspnea syndrome) The disease is susceptible to infection in pregnant sows and piglets within one month of age. Sows show weight loss, anorexia, abdomen, blue breasts, miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth and poor birth. Prevention of the disease should be focused on preventing the introduction of the disease. The sow can be immunized with blue-ear vaccines before and after weaning, with 3 ml per sow.
Eperythrozoonosis in pigs The pigs of all ages in the disease can be infected. Sow infection can cause anemia, weight loss, diarrhea, miscarriage, stillbirth, and low conception rate. Prevention of the disease should mainly be done in a clean and hygienic manner in summer pighouses, eliminate mosquitoes and flies and their blood-sucking insects, and prevent blood-sucking insects from biting on sows to spread the disease.
Toxoplasmosis This disease can lead to miscarriage of pregnant sows, resulting in stillbirths, weak births, and acute postmortem death of piglets.
Sows reproductive tract infections are mainly due to poor sanitary conditions, excessive pollution sources or excessively large numbers of sows born in sows, and difficulties in sows production. Inadequate remedies or inadequate treatment may cause damage to the sow's reproductive tract, resulting in secondary infection of the uterus Endometritis, endometrium, vaginitis, and other reproductive tract diseases, resulting in sows not estrus, estrus is not normal, repeated infertility or pregnancy caused sows abortion.
Boar use factors
During the summer hot season, boars have obvious heat stress. Some breeding farms (households) still use boars during the daytime during the day to collect and breed, and do not pay attention to the rational use of boars. Over time, the boars The damage is relatively large and can easily cause the boar's sexual performance to decline. The semen quality is thin and the amount is small, sperm motility is decreased, and dead sperm and weak sperm are increased, thereby seriously affecting the conception rate of the sow.
Reasons for low conception rate of sows in summer
Pigs belong to breeders that breed all year round, and the current large-scale breeding farms (households) have carried out the necessary selection and breeding of the breeding pigs, and have carried out purposeful directional cultivation, making the breeding performance of the breeding pigs remarkable. The improvement. However, in pig production, in summer high temperature season, the conception rate of sows is not only significantly lower than other seasons, and the number of sows born is reduced. The occurrence of miscarriage, the production of poor fetal stillbirths, and mummification increase, seriously affecting pig production. The economic benefits of the industry. For the farms (households) to effectively prevent the occurrence of low fertility rates in summer sows, it is necessary to understand the causes of the low fertility rate of sows in summer. The analysis of the main reasons is as follows: