At present, many vegetable farmers have problems such as blind fertilization and unscientific fertilization methods in fertilizing vegetables, which seriously affect the yield and quality of vegetables. Now we introduce the methods of optimizing high-yield and high-efficiency fertilization of vegetables as follows: First, base fertilizer The role of basal fertilizer is twofold. On the one hand, soil can be improved and fertility can be cultivated; on the other hand, nutrients can be continuously supplied throughout the growing period of vegetables. Therefore, the amount of basal fertilizer is relatively large, accounting for more than half of the total amount of fertilizer. The basal fertilizer is dominated by organic fertilizers, and appropriate chemical fertilizers are used. Basal fertilizer is better for deep application. The application methods include: (1) Full-scale application. The main body is Issac, combined with deep ploughing, ploughing after ploughing, and mixing soil and fertilizer. (2) layered application. Most of the delayed-effect fertilizers are applied to the middle and lower layers of the tillage layer in combination with cultivated land, and a small part of the quick-acting fertilizer is applied to the middle and upper parts of the tillage layer in combination with the earthworms, so that the basic fertilizer is combined with the surface fertilizer. (3) Concentration. When the amount of basal fertilizer is small or the phosphate fertilizer is easy to be fixed by the soil, in order to make the fertilizer more effective, a method of concentrated application should be adopted, that is, the fertilizer is concentratedly applied near the rhizosphere of the vegetable, so that the basal fertilizer has the function of seed fertilizer at the same time. Such as acupuncture, furrow, etc., can reduce nutrient fixation, increase the chance of root absorption. Second, the fertilizer The role of seed fertilizer is to supplement the deficiency of basal fertilizer. On the one hand, it provides nutrients for the early growth period of vegetable crops; on the other hand, it promotes seed germination and guarantees the supply of nutrients during the nutritional critical period. Fertilizers generally use organic fertilizers or fast-acting fertilizers that are completely decomposed and have a small application amount. Various kinds of fast-acting fertilizers, completely decomposed organic fertilizers (such as cakes, poultry manures, etc.), biological fertilizers, and trace element fertilizers can all be used as seed fertilizers. Fertilizer efficiency depends on factors such as soil, fertilization technology, and cultivation management measures. Because fertilizer and seeds are closer together. Therefore, the quality and dosage requirements of fertilizers are particularly stringent. Otherwise, it is easy to cause seedlings to burn and seedlings to sprout. The specific application methods of seed fertilizer include seed dressing, soaking and rooting: (1) Seed dressing. A certain amount of fertilizer is evenly mixed with a certain amount of seeds and then sown. Fertilizers suitable for seed dressing include biological fertilizers and trace element fertilizers. The fertilizers with over-acid, over-alkali, strong hygroscopicity, and toxic components are not suitable for seed dressing. (2) Seed soaking method. Soak the seeds with a certain concentration of fertilizer solution, then remove the seeds and allow them to dry. Such as dipping organic fertilizer solution or biogas slurry to a certain concentration of water, dipping cucumber, bean seeds, etc., can increase the germination rate and emergence rate. (3) Roots. It is commonly used for transplanting tomato and eggplant seedlings. Reconcile bio-fertilizer, micro-fertilizer, etc. with a certain proportion of organic fertilizer into a paste, and then transplant the root after transplanting the root, which can increase the survival rate of seedlings and facilitate the growth of seedlings. Third, top dressing The purpose of topdressing is to supplement the nutrients needed by the vegetable crop during growth and development. Generally, quick-acting fertilizers and decomposed organic fertilizers can be used as top dressings. The amount of topdressing fertilizer depends on the amount of base fertilizer, the growth of vegetables, the level of soil fertility, and climatic conditions. Specific application methods include: (1) Application of acupuncture or acupuncture, deep recovery of soil. When vegetable garden topdressing urea, ammonium sulfate and other volatile nitrogen fertilizers, deep application of 8 ~ 10 cm, and cover the soil pressure, immediately after application should be watered, so that the fertilizer dissolved, smoothly moved to the rhizosphere, timely absorption by the roots. When superphosphate, ammonium phosphate and other phosphate fertilizers are used as top dressings, they should be concentrated on the ditch or applied to the root dense layer to increase the contact area with the root system and reduce soil fixation. (2) Fertigation. In the middle and late stages of the growth of tomatoes, cucumbers, and other melons and fruits, the method of reducing the amount of man-made bruises by water (band) fertilizer may be adopted. Such as celery, spinach, and other close-packed vegetables after ridge, it is difficult to apply a hole or ditch, can be combined with irrigation method of surface application of fertilizer. This method can reduce fertilizer nutrient loss and increase root absorption rate. In addition to watering, there are sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation and fertigation. In the modern high-intelligence automated greenhouse group, the above methods are used for fertilization, saving water and fertilizer and reducing costs. Because of its large investment, strict requirements on the quality of fertilizers and pipelines, but not widely used in China, it is the most preferred fertilization method for the production of pollution-free vegetables. Fourth, foliar spraying It has the features of easy operation, economical use of fertilizer, fast absorption of vegetables and so on. At the same time, fertilizers and pesticides can also be mixed and sprayed to meet the nutrient supply and pest control. It can be carried out at the seedling stage, the vigorous growth stage and the late growth stage of vegetables. The fast-dissolving fertilizer is formulated into a certain concentration of fertilizer solution and sprayed on the leaves, stems, flowers or fruits with a sprayer, which is mainly sprayed on the back of the leaves and absorbs quickly. At the same time, we must master the spray concentration, otherwise it will burn leaves, stems or cause falling flowers. Adjusting the pH of the fertilizer when spraying can increase the effect of spray fertilizer. If the active ingredient in the fertilizer is anion-based, then the fertilizer solution is preferably slightly acidic; if the active ingredient in the fertilizer is cation-based, it should be slightly alkaline. The climatic conditions will also affect the spraying effect. It is required to choose to conduct the weather in sunny weather. After spraying, the rain should be sprayed again. It is better to spray in the evening or after the dew is dry.
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