Redefining medical methods from comparative physiology learned from the wild

In a tidal pool on the east coast of New Zealand, a small fish quickly slid into the shadows. It is a three-fin fish, a coastal fish that is found everywhere in the world. Its body is spotted brown, and there is no specificity compared to its kind, but when we walked together on the beach in southern Dunedin, Dr. Tony Hickey told us that it was the first in the world. The key to the mystery of an extremely common and deadly disease. The number of people suffering from strokes each year is astonishing 15 million. Nearly 6 million people worldwide have died from a stroke. According to the World Health Organization, more people are killed by stroke than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, and many people have left permanent damage to their mobility and communication skills. What a fish can do is really confusing.

Stroke refers to damage caused by the lack of oxygen and nutrient supply due to impeded blood supply to the brain. Tony explained that this hypoxic or hypoxic state is what the three-fin fish will experience every day. “At the time of low tide, the water temperature is higher and there is less dissolved oxygen in the water. At this time, the tidal pool immediately forms a hypoxic environment, which is similar to the oxygen deficiency felt during the stroke. But the three-fin fish does not receive any Injury - neither muscle damage nor brain damage. From them, we may learn how to protect the brain in the event of a stroke."

Another point is that there are a large number of three-fin fish species in the vast coastal areas of New Zealand. "If we can find two kinds of fish that are closely related and almost belong to the same kind, the kind of life that can live in the tide pool can withstand the hypoxic environment and live in the deep sea, then we are very likely to find this fish. The reason why it adapts to the hypoxic environment."

With the help of plowed frogs, this comparison between species has progressed through organ transplantation. In winter, the frog may freeze hard, but when it thaws, there is no internal injury. Why is that? The researchers found that as temperatures drop, the frogs will produce large amounts of glucose, infiltrate into their organs, increase the molarity of blood and prevent the formation of ice crystals – an amazing way to enhance the survival of transplanted organs. So that they can be transported as far as possible to the point where they can be transported as far as possible to where they are needed. According to the previous method, the organs removed from the donor can be kept for about six hours - but the organ can be refrigerated for up to four days according to the method of infusion of synthetic glucose developed by the researchers.

Tony is a researcher and lecturer in biochemistry and comparative physiology at the University of Auckland. His approach to life is different. He often finds connections between things that we tend to overlook. As a member of a team that combines the skills of doctors, surgeons, biochemists, and animal physiologists, Tony has not only advanced medical research, but has also ignited a glimmer of hope for biodiversity.

Still, Tony said that the practice that his research can reach is not always obvious.

“Although the amount of work we do is seen by Others as esoteric pure scientific research, it is often the place where the ideas have changed dramatically – by learning from animals, we may make significant progress and actually solve problems. Human physiology systems that have proven to be useless for such problems are reversed, and we should focus on the physiological systems that have solved such problems."

Tony's research on the connection between animal environment and human medicine has produced some unusual two-way effects, and at the same time, "good luck." He studied biochemistry and population genetics. During his master's degree, he conducted an Antarctic journey, which inspired his scientific enthusiasm to study animal adaptability in extreme environments. Subsequently, work at a diabetes research company ignited Tony's research enthusiasm for another project: mitochondria. In Tony's many jobs, mitochondria is the focus of his work. It links all multicellular organisms and is an inexhaustible source of research on species adaptability and human and animal disease states.

When we met, he just heard that his publication on a mitochondrial study had been nominated for the 2014 Annual of the American Journal of Physiology. Tony and one of his students used the ADInstruments Working Heart system to study how heart mitochondria produce ATP based on real-time oxygen.

“We want to see how the heart mitochondria work in hypoxic conditions. Suddenly they start to consume ATP in large amounts – we think we actually made a mistake in the experiment – ​​they consume ATP, almost with them The speed at which ATP is generated is comparable."

This allowed them to get a very important observation of a diabetic patient during a heart attack. “When we used the diabetic heart for repeated trials, we found that they consumed ATP like normal hearts, but when they were making ATP normally, the amount was reduced.”

Tony's enthusiasm for research projects seems to be endless – just like the list of projects he has at hand. He is working with the Health Research Council and the Pancreatitis Research Group at the Auckland School of Medicine to study the role of mitochondria in sepsis and pancreatitis. Explore the mitochondrial effects and multiple organ failure in obesity with Human Nutrition Unit. He has recently made major breakthroughs in heat stroke and heart failure. If this is not enough, he also uses his research to measure the effects of climate change and ocean acidification. He also teaches.

We are very proud of our ability to support scientists like Tony who have poured countless energy and enthusiasm into the work at hand – and we are proud to be involved in these amazing scientific experiments.

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