It is the most critical period for the prevention and control of diseases and pests throughout the year before the apple is dropped to the bag. It is also the main link for improving the quality of fruit and realizing the increase of production and income. First, the main diseases and characteristics 1. Physalospora: Infected fruits began about 10 days after flowering, and the amount of infection was closely related to rainfall. Spraying medicine immediately before bagging was the key to reduce the infection rate and the rate of rotten fruit in the later period. The protective fungicides with better effect on ringworm disease are fully-complexed mancozebs represented by 80% Dasheng M-45, and 80% of similar products will benefit Mz-120, 80% Taisheng, 80. % manganese killing and so on. The use of 600-800 times is relatively safe for young fruit; 70% of the product run (Denson Lian) does not contain manganese, and the use of 800-1000 times is safe for young fruit. The systemic fungicides can be selected from carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl, 50% carbendazim WP can be used 600-800 times, and 70% thiophanate-methyl can be used 1000-1200 times, which is safe for young fruit. Recently launched, the effect is more excellent with 35% Fu Lian (carbendazole tebuconazole) using 1000 times, the fruit surface is particularly bright and clean; 25% true high (difenoconazole) use 8000 times, the young fruit safety. 2. Brown spot disease: The main leaf disease on apples has only occurred in Shandong, Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, and Southern Liaoning fruit areas in recent years, resulting in serious defoliation. The pathogens mainly overwintered in fallen leaves, and they began to infect from the beginning of May to the beginning of June. Severe occurrence occurred from July to August, and serious defoliation occurred in September. Spraying at the initial infection stage is the key to controlling late-stage epidemics. The agent effective for ringworm is also effective for brown spot. 3, spotted defoliation: Marshal is the apple plant leaf disease occurred more serious, followed by Golden Delicious varieties, Fuji rarely occurs. The pathogenic bacteria mainly overwintered on deciduous trees and could infect only young leaves. Each year there was a peak in spring shoots and autumn shoots. The degree of occurrence was closely related to the rainfall during the period. The rainfall is heavy, the rain is very heavy, and the drought year is slight. The specific drugs for this disease are polyoxin and prohexine; Mancozem also has a good protective effect. Carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, and copper bactericide are very poor. 4, mold heart disease: the main damage to the Marshal Department of the species, Golden Delicious, Fuji also occurred. The pathogens mainly invaded from the dead style and gradually entered the ventricle during flowering stage. Flowering 30% and flowering 80% were the key to pesticide control. The main pathogen of mycotic disease is similar to that of Alternaria fulva, and the effective agent is also the same as that of deciduous deciduous disease. Second, the main pests and features 1. Cotton nymphs: nymphs in the scar, slashing the winter, buds before and after the emergence of red flowers and began to spread harm, at this time spraying a higher concentration of effective drugs, the control of the early stage of harm is very important. Years of experience show that: Flower bud red period (in mid-April) the whole garden once sprayed 48% of roxithrazine (chlorpyrifos) 800 times liquid, can kill cotton worms, nymphs, jaundice, ulnar warts, poison moth and so on. 2. Hawthorn leafhopper (Red spider): The fertilized females grow into winter under rough assault, and in mid-April, they emerge out of the cocoon and mainly damage the leafy branches near the trunk. After 7-10 days of flowering (in early May), the nymphs died gradually after spawning. At this time, spraying and killing quail eggs resulted in excellent control. The specific agent is dying net (tetrazine). 15-20 days after flowering, egg hatching is Ruoqiang. At this time, an effective agent for killing Ruoqiang should be used, such as peony. Grasping these two key periods and using appropriate pharmaceutical agents can effectively control the damage of hawthorn leafhoppers. 3. Two-spotted spider mites (white spiders): In order to survive winters in the subcutaneous eels, bark seams, and weeds in the orchard, the trees begin to damage in early June. In the first half of June, a spray of axillary class acaricide was used with good control effect. 4. Blind stink bug: In recent years, blind stink bug has caused damage to young fruit, resulting in black necrotic spots near the bud. The blind mongoose wintered in eggs, and in mid-April, he was paralyzed. He first attacked the weeds in the orchard, and later damaged the young fruit. Fipronil (fipronil) was the most effective agent for controlling stink bugs; acetamiprid and malathion also had good effects. 5. Leaf roller moths and leaf leaf moths: moth pests are often harmed before falling to bagging. In the middle of May, urea pesticides are sprayed once in mid-June, and once again in mid-June, such as 25% diflubenzuron 1500 times. Can control a variety of ticks. 6, the ball sturdy: Some fruit areas are more serious damage. The ball is firmly rooted in winter at the base of the second year of the second instar nymph, and the spraying prevention and treatment is effective in early March. For example, 48% of roxibine (chlorpyrifos) 800 times and 40% of phospine 1500 times, etc., from late March, Second-instar nymphs scattered on the branches fixed the hazards of the formation of oyster shells, generally less effective pharmaceutical agents. In early May, a generation of eggs hatched as nymphs is also an effective time for chemical control. Third, several key technologies to improve the appearance of fruit quality The improvement of the appearance quality of fruit is directly related to the economic benefits of apple production. Improve the appearance of fruit quality should pay attention to the following points. 1. Calcium supplementation: The lack of calcium in bagged fruit is one of the important reasons that affect the appearance of apple. The main performance of apple calcium deficiency; First, the lenticel split: lead to fine cracks or even cracks on the fruit surface; Second, pox spot: skin necrosis, the formation of necrotic spots with a diameter and depth of less than 2 mm; Third, bitter pit disease: Porebral necrosis, lesions forming more than 2 mm in diameter and depth. In addition, honey disease (water heart disease) is also related to calcium deficiency. Bagging apple calcium is one of the key measures to improve the appearance of apple. There are two main methods for calcium supplementation in apples: one is calcium spraying during young fruit; the other is calcium application before and after flowering. There are three key technologies for calcium spraying in young fruit, one is time: it is the period in which apple absorbs calcium the strongest within 6 weeks after flowering. The absorption can account for more than 92% of the total absorption of the whole year. After spraying, calcium is sprayed before bagging. 3-4 times, the effect is good. The second is the choice of calcium products and the use of concentration: domestic ordinary liquid calcium products, calcium content is generally about 5%, the effective concentration of 400-500 times; high-quality calcium products containing more than 10% of calcium, the effective concentration of 1000-1500 times . The third is the coordination of boron and calcium; boron can promote calcium absorption, and boron should be added when calcium is sprayed. There are four key techniques for soil calcium application. One is product selection: it must be water-soluble calcium, such as calcium nitrate; the second is the application period: it must be before and after flowering; the third is the application location: it must be applied to the root zone, and the technology canopy projection line 30 About centimeters, the depth should also reach 30 cm or more, soil surface applicator, the effect is poor; Fourth, the amount of application, according to the size of the tree, the degree of calcium deficiency, calcium nitrate per plant 1-3 Jin. 2. Prevent fruit rust: Except that the fruit rust of individual plants (such as golden crown) may be caused by virus diseases, the common fruit rust is lenticulation and lenticulomegaly formed by healing after lenostomy injury. The most common cause of lenticulonotatosis is improper drug use in young fruit. About a month after the apple is dropped, it is called the young fruit period. The skin is young and sensitive to all kinds of stimuli. If stimulating chemicals are used during this period, the lenticels can be easily damaged and “fruit rust†can be formed. Years of investigation have proved that the chemicals most likely to induce fruit rust are mainly bactericides containing inorganic sulfur and inorganic copper, high-toxic organic phosphorous, emulsifying insecticides and poor-quality foliar fertilizers. The use experience in recent years has proved that 80% of Daoxin M-45, 80% of Mustelis M2-120 and similar products 600-800 times, 35% of Failian ( Multi-, E) 1000-fold, 70% product run (Denson Lian) 800-1000 times, 25% true-height (difenoconazole) 8000-fold, 35% Jin-zhengao (difenoconazole) 1,000-fold, 50% carbendazim 600-800 times, 80% carbendazim 1200-1500 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000-1200 times. The above-mentioned medicaments are advocated for use alternately. Insecticide fungicides should use microemulsions, soluble liquids, suspension agents, as far as possible not to use EC formulations, so as not to damage the fruit surface wax layer, induce fruit rust. Acaricides can be used as long as 20% of the suspension formulation is tetracycline (2,000 times) or 50% of tetrakisazine (5000 times) and microemulsion (5%) is 5000-6000 times. Insecticides can be used as worms (48.8% of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, microemulsions) 1500-1800 times, 5% of the standard US (Acetoin salt, soluble liquid agent), 45% Rongrui (toxic fluorine) 3000-5000 times, etc. Blind stink bugs can use intensive fighting (30% acetamiprid microemulsion) 6000-10000 times, 50% fluorinated ratio (imidacloprid, powder) 3000 times and so on. Enhancing the appearance quality of fruit is a systematic project, and the above measures must be fully implemented. In other words, it is necessary to use high-quality, safe and efficient bactericidal and insecticidal agents, but also pay attention to calcium and boron, but also pay attention not to use inferior foliar fertilizer. Any problems in one of the links may cause damage to the quality of the appearance of the fruit, or even destroy the entire army. Antineoplastic,Antineoplastic Agents,Natural Antineoplastic,Methotrexate Antineoplastic NOUVASANT PHARMhealth LTD. , http://www.nouvasant.com