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Eye inspection
Mainly check the urine volume and urine color, transparency and so on. Healthy adult dogs have a urine output of about 0.5 to 2.0 liters per day, and puppies of 40 to 200 milliliters, with an average of 22 to 41 milliliters per kilogram of body weight.
2. Chemical inspection
Mainly to detect some of these chemical components, such as pH determination or pH determination and protein, glucose, occult blood test. The average urine pH of the dog is 6.1 (5-7); the protein and glucose content are very small, and can not be detected by conventional methods;
It is an examination of urine sediment. 
Clinical application significance of urine test in dogs and cats
The physical and chemical properties of canine urine often reflect the systemic metabolism and the functional status of the urinary system.
3. Microscopy
Urine routine testing mainly detects three types of diseases:
· Kidney and genitourinary tract diseases: main indicators of specific gravity, pH, white blood cells, red blood cells, protein
· Metabolic disease (diabetes): The main indicators are glucose and ketone bodies.
· Liver disease and hemolytic disease: the main indicators are urobilinogen, bilirubin
The significance of each item in urine routine testing
How do dogs and cats perform regular urine tests for dogs and cats?
Pet Hospital Reminder: Abnormal changes in the urine of dogs and cats can reflect the abnormal conditions of many different organs, which can be quickly checked by simple operation. The routine equipment of most veterinary clinics can meet the urine test. Basic needs, the cost of inspection is also very small, so routine examination of urine has become a basic inspection item for screening different organ diseases in veterinary clinical examinations.
Table 1 Common changes in the general examination of urine traits
Color change
colorless
Diluted in urine. Common in polyuria
Dark amber
Concentration of urine, related to oliguria
white
There are a lot of white blood cells in the urine.
Red or reddish brown
Usually suggesting red blood cells and/or hemoglobin in the urine
Change in transparency
turbid
Usually indicates that there are a lot of cellular components in the urine.
Milky
Usually suggesting the presence of lipids in the urine
Odor change
Sweet fragrance
Usually suggesting the presence of a ketone body
Pungent
Often associated with the presence of bacteria
Change in urine output
Polyuria
24 hours of increased urine output
Oliguria
24-hour urine output reduction
Urine specific gravity
Urine specific gravity refers to the ratio of the weight of urine to the weight of the same volume of purified water at the same temperature. Urine specific gravity PAL-USG (CAT) Cat specific urine hydrometer, PAL-USG (DOG) dog urine specific gravity meter reflects the concentration of insoluble substances in the urine, and can reflect the kidney concentration function. If the renal tubules are damaged, a change in the specific gravity of the urine can be found early in the lesion. It is important to note that the specific gravity option on the urine test strip cannot be used to measure the urine specific gravity of the dog's urine, which can only be checked by a refractometer.